Stable length of commutators
Free nonabelian groups (20E05) Generators, relations, and presentations of groups (20F05) Word problems, other decision problems, connections with logic and automata (group-theoretic aspects) (20F10) Commutator calculus (20F12) Solvable groups, supersolvable groups (20F16) Other groups related to topology or analysis (20F38) Homological methods in group theory (20J05)
A tout groupe \(\Gamma\) on associe classiquement son groupe dérivé \(\Gamma' \): c'est le sous-groupe de \(\Gamma\) engendré par l'ensemble des commutateurs \([x,y] = xyx^{-1} y^{-1}\) (\(x, y\in \Gamma\)). Un élément donné \(\gamma\) de \(\Gamma'\) est de plusieurs façons possibles le produit de commutateurs. On appelera longueur des commutateurs de \(\gamma\) le nombre minimal de commutateurs nécessaires pour exprimer \(\gamma\); cet entier sera noté \(c_ \Gamma(\gamma)\) ou simplement \(c(\gamma)\). En 1975, C. Edmunds a montré que la longueur des commutateurs est effectivement calculable dans les groupes libres. Un peu plus tard, R. Goldstein et E. Turner ainsi que M. Culler retrouvaient ce résultat en s'appuyant sur la topologie des surfaces; on propose dans la partie 2 une version élémentaire de leurs algorithmes. En particulier la propriété suivante répond à une question de M. Newman: dans le groupe libre à deux générateurs \(u\) et \(v\) \[ c([u,v]^ n) = E(n/2) + 1 \quad (n \in \mathbb{N}^*)\tag{1} \] où \(E\) est la partie entière. Par exemple \([u, v]^ 3\) est le produit de deux commutateurs seulement, comme le prouve l'identité remarquable \([u,v]^ 3 = [uvu^{-1}, v^{-1} uvu^{-2}] [v^{-1} uv, v^ 2]\). Cet article comprend trois parties. La première contient une preuve élémentaire de la formule (1) ainsi qu'une petite généralisation. Dans la partie 2, on détermine la longueur des commutateurs dans les groupes libres; on y considère également les produits de carrés car ils s'interprètent topologiquement comme les produits de commutateurs (par des surfaces). Enfin, la troisième partie est consacrée à l'étude de la longueur stable; on décrit le phénomène de dualité avec la cohomologie bornée et les propriétés qui en découlent.
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