On second order nonlinear boundary value problems and the distributional Henstock-Kurzweil integral

Denjoy and Perron integrals, other special integrals (26A39) Nonlocal and multipoint boundary value problems for ordinary differential equations (34B10) Nonlinear boundary value problems for ordinary differential equations (34B15) Applications of operator theory to differential and integral equations (47N20)

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The paper is concerned with the second-order boundary value problem \[ -x(t)=f(t,x(t)),\quad t\in[0,1],\eqno(1) \] \[ x'(0)=0,\quad \beta x'(1)+x(\eta)=0,\eqno(2) \] where \(\beta>0\) and \(\eta\in[0,1]\). Instead of dealing with classical solutions, the authors consider the case when \(x\) is merely continuous, \(x'\) is a continuous function which is the distributional derivative of \(x\), and \(x\) is a distribution which is the distributional derivative of \(x'\). The right-hand side \(f\) is also a distribution. It is somewhat misleading that the distributional equation is still written in the form (1), since the symbol \(x(t)\) is meaningless when \(x\) is a distribution. According to the reviewer's opinion, the correct notation should be \(-x=f(x)\), where \(f\) is a mapping from \(\mathcal{C}([0,1])\) to the space of distributions on \([0,1]\). The authors assume that the following conditions are satisfied: {\parindent=6mm \begin{itemize}\item[1)] For each \(x\in \mathcal{C}([0,1])\), \(f(x)\) is distributionally Henstock-Kurzweil integrable in the sense of Erik Talvila's paper ``The distributional Denjoy integral [\textit{E. Talvila}, Real Anal. Exch. 33, No. 1, 51--82 (2008; Zbl 1154.26011)]. \item[2)] \(f\) is continuous in \(x\). \item[3)] There exist distributions \(f_-\), \(f_+\) on \([0,1]\) which are distributionally Henstock-Kurzweil integrable, and such that \(\int_0^t f_-\leq \int_0^t f(x)\leq \int_0^t f_+\) for each \(x\in \mathcal{C}([0,1])\) and \(t\in[0,1]\). \end{itemize}} Using Schauder's fixed point theorem, it is proved that the distributional boundary value problem has a~solution. The result is illustrated on a simple example.

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