Around the stability of KAM tori

Stability problems for finite-dimensional Hamiltonian and Lagrangian systems (37J25) Perturbations of finite-dimensional Hamiltonian systems, normal forms, small divisors, KAM theory, Arnol'd diffusion (37J40) Nearly integrable Hamiltonian systems, KAM theory (70H08) Periodic and almost periodic solutions for problems in Hamiltonian and Lagrangian mechanics (70H12) Stability problems for problems in Hamiltonian and Lagrangian mechanics (70H14)

Abstract: We show that an analytic invariant torus

c T_{0}

with Diophantine frequency

o_{0}

is never isolated due to the following alternative. If the Birkhoff normal form of the Hamiltonian at

c T_{0}

satisfies a R"ussmann transversality condition, the torus

c T_{0}

is accumulated by KAM tori of positive total measure. If the Birkhoff normal form is degenerate, there exists a subvariety of dimension at least

d + 1

that is foliated by analytic invariant tori with frequency

o_{0}

. For frequency vectors

o_{0}

having a finite uniform Diophantine exponent (this includes a residual set of Liouville vectors), we show that if the Hamiltonian

H

satisfies a Kolmogorov non degeneracy condition at

c T_{0}

, then

c T_{0}

is accumulated by KAM tori of positive total measure. In

4

degrees of freedom or more, we construct for any

o_{0} i n R^{d}

,

C^{i} n f t y

(Gevrey) Hamiltonians

H

with a smooth invariant torus

c T_{0}

with frequency

o_{0}

that is not accumulated by a positive measure of invariant tori.

Review text

Let \[ H(\varphi,r)=\langle\omega_0,r\rangle+\mathcal{O}(r^2)\tag{1.1} \] be a \(C^2\) function defined for \(( \varphi,r)\in \mathbb{T}^d \times \mathbb{R}^d\) and \(r\sim 0 \). The Hamiltonian system associated to \(H\) is given by \[ \begin{cases}\dot{\varphi}= \partial_r H(\varphi,r), \\ \dot{r}= -\partial_\varphi H(\varphi,r). \end{cases}\tag{1.2} \] System (1.2) is integrable and admits invariant tori \(\mathcal{T}_0=\mathbb{T}^d \times \{0\}\) with the frequency vector \(\omega_0 \) that satisfies the Diophantine condition: \[ |\langle k, \omega_0 \rangle|\geq \frac{\kappa}{|k|^\tau} , \quad \forall k\in \mathbb{Z}^n \backslash \{0\}, \tag{1.3} \] where \(\kappa>0\) and \(\tau>d-1\) are some constants. By definition, a \(C^r\) (resp. smooth or analytic) invariant torus with an induced flow that is \(C^r\) (resp. smoothly or analytically) conjugated to a Diophantine translation is a \(C^r\) (resp. smooth or analytic) KAM torus of (1.2) with translation vector \(\omega\). \(\mathcal{T}_0\) is KAM stable in the strong sense if \(\mathcal{T}_0\) is accumulated by invariant tori whose Lebesgue density in the phase space tends to one in the neighborhood of \(\mathcal{T}_0\) and whose frequencies cover a set of positive measure. \(\mathcal{T}_0\) is KAM stable in a weaker sense if we drop the requirement that the frequencies cover a set of positive measure. The KAM stability of the torus \(\mathcal{T}_0\) is studied under different hypotheses on \(H\) and \(\omega_0\) and the following results are obtained in this work: {\parindent=0.8cm \begin{itemize}\item[(i)] If \(\omega_0\) is Diophantine and \(H\) is analytic, then \(\mathcal{T}_0\) is accumulated by KAM tori. \item[(ii)] If \(\omega_0\) is Diophantine, \(H\) is analytic and the Birkhoff normal form of \(H\) satisfies a Rüssmann transversality condition at \(\mathcal{T}_0\), then \(\mathcal{T}_0\) is KAM stable in the weaker sense. \item[(iii)] In two degrees of freedom (\(d = 2\)), if the components of the frequency vector \(\omega_0\) are rationally independent and if \(H\) satisfies a Kolmogorov nondegeneracy condition of its Hessian matrix at \(\mathcal{T}_0\), then \(\mathcal{T}_0\) is KAM stable. For \(d\geq 3\) one has KAM stability for a class of \(\mathcal{T}_0\) that includes all vectors except a meagre set of zero Hausdorff dimension. \item[(iv)] For \(d\geq 4\), for any \(\omega_0\in \mathbb{R}^d\) , there exists a \(C^\infty\) (Gevrey) \(H \) as in (1.2), such that \(\mathcal{T}_0\) is not KAM stable (no positive measure of accumulating tori). \item[(v)] For \(d = 2\), if \(\omega_0\) is Diophantine and \(H\) is smooth, then \(\mathcal{T}_0\) is KAM stable. \end{itemize}} The proofs are based on a counterterm KAM theorem formulated and discussed in the paper.

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