Decay structure of two hyperbolic relaxation models with regularity loss

Stability in context of PDEs (35B35) Asymptotic behavior of solutions to PDEs (35B40) Initial value problems for first-order hyperbolic systems (35L45)

Abstract: The paper aims at investigating two types of decay structure for linear symmetric hyperbolic systems with non-symmetric relaxation. Precisely, the system is of the type

(p, q)

if the real part of all eigenvalues admits an upper bound

- c | x i |^{2 p} / (1 + | x i |^{2})^{q}

, where

c

is a generic positive constant and

x i

is the frequency variable, and the system enjoys the regularity-loss property if

p < q

. It is well known that the standard type

(1, 1)

can be assured by the classical Kawashima-Shizuta condition. A new structural condition was introduced in cite{UDK} to analyze the regularity-loss type

(1, 2)

system with non-symmetric relaxation. In the paper, we construct two more complex models of the regularity-loss type corresponding to

p = m - 3

,

q = m - 2

and

p = (3 m - 10) / 2

,

q = 2 (m - 3)

, respectively, where

m

denotes phase dimensions. The proof is based on the delicate Fourier energy method as well as the suitable linear combination of series of energy inequalities. Due to arbitrary higher dimensions, it is not obvious to capture the energy dissipation rate with respect to the degenerate components. Thus, for each model, the analysis always starts from the case of low phase dimensions in order to understand the basic dissipative structure in the general case, and in the mean time, we also give the explicit construction of the compensating symmetric matrix

K

and skew-symmetric matrix

S

.

Review text

The paper is devoted to the decay structure of solutions to the following Cauchy problem for linear hyperbolic systems with relaxation: \[ u_t + A_m u_x + L_m u=0, \,\,\,u(0,x)=u_0(x). \] Under the assumptions that \(A_m\) is real symmetric, that \(L_m\) is real symmetric and nonnegative definite with nontrivial kernel and that one kind of ``compensation condition is satisfied on the kernel of \(L_m\) one expects the following basic estimate of the Fourier image \(v:=\hat{u}\) of \(u\): \[ |v(t,\xi)|\leq C e^{-c \lambda(\xi)t}|v(0,\xi)|, \] where \(c\) and \(C\) are positive constants and \(\lambda(\xi):=\frac{\xi^2}{1+\xi^2}\). If \(L_m\) is only nonnegative definite with nontrivial kernel, then under an additional ``compensation condition to the above one one expects the basic estimate \[ |v(t,\xi)|\leq C e^{-c \lambda(\xi)t}|v(0,\xi)|, \] where \(c\) and \(C\) are positive constants and \(\lambda(\xi):=\frac{\xi^2}{(1+\xi^2)^2}\). Both of the above estimates for the Fourier image imply decay estimates with a regularity loss in the second case. The goal of this paper is to introduce two special models with a new dissipative structure and a loss of regularity. Both systems are uniformly dissipative of type \((p,q)\). This means, that the eigenvalue \(\eta=\eta(i\xi)\), that is a solution of \[ \text{det}\,(\eta I + i\xi A_m + L_m)=0, \] satisfies the estimate \[ \Re \eta(i\xi) \leq c \frac{|\xi|^{2p}}{(1+|\xi|^2)^q} \] for all \(\xi \in \mathbb{R}\), where \(c>0\) and \((p,q)\) is a pair of positive integers. The first model is uniformly dissipative of type \((m-3,m-2)\), the second model is uniformly dissipative of type \(((3m-10)/2,2(m-3))\). Then the authors prove the estimates \[ |v(t,\xi)|\leq C e^{-c \lambda_k(\xi)t}|v(0,\xi)| \] for \(k=1,2\) with \(\lambda_1(\xi)=\frac{\xi^{2(m-3)}}{(1+\xi^2)^{m-2}}\) for the first model and and \(\lambda_2(\xi)=\frac{\xi^{3m-10}}{(1+\xi^2)^{2(m-3)}}\) for the second model. The proofs base on the Fourier energy method. They require more ``compensating conditions. The crucial point is to justify if the choice of \((p,q)\) is optimal.

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