Expansivity implies existence of Hölder continuous Lyapunov function

This paper deals with a dynamical system defined by a partial map \(f:X\rightharpoonup X\) on a metric space \((X,d)\). The term ``partial map, denoted with ``\(\rightharpoonup\), means that the domain of \(f\) is a subset of \(X\). Let \(\Lambda\subset X\) be a compact invariant set for \(f\) such that some neighborhood of \(\Lambda\) is contained in \(\text{dom}(f)\). In this work, \(V:X\times X\rightharpoonup \mathbb R\) is called a Lyapunov function for \(f\) on \(\Lambda\) if \(\text{dom}(V)\) is an open subset of \(X\times X\), \((x,x)\in \text{dom}(V)\) for every \(x\in\Lambda\), \(V(f(x),f(x))=V(x,x)\) for \(x\in\Lambda\), and \(V(f(x),f(y))>V(x,y)\) for \((x,y)\in \text{dom} (V)\), \(x\neq y\). For a given \(L\geq 1\), the partial map \(f\) is called \(L\)-bilipschitz if \(L^{-1}d(x,y)\leq d(f(x),f(y))\leq L d(x,y)\) for \(x,y\in \text{dom}(f)\). Let \(\varepsilon>0\), \(f:X\rightharpoonup X\) be an \(L\)-bilipschitz map, \(\Lambda\subset X\) be an invariant set for \(f\) such that \(f\) is uniformly expansive on \(\Lambda\), and let \[ c_s(x,v)=\inf \{d(f^k(x),f^k(v))\,|\,k\in {\mathbb Z},k<0:f^l(v)\in B(f^l(x),\varepsilon)\;\text{for}\; k\leq l \leq 0\}, \] \[ c_u(x,v)=\inf \{d(f^k(x),f^k(v))\,|\,k\in {\mathbb Z},k\geq 0:f^l(v)\in B(f^l(x),\varepsilon)\;\text{for}\; 0\leq l \leq k\}. \] Then the main result of this paper states that \(V(x,v)=c_u(x,v)-c_s(x,v)\) is a Lyapunov function for \(f\) on \(\Lambda\).

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