The structure of normal algebraic monoids.
Abelian varietiesaffine algebraic groupsaffine algebraic monoidsclassification of normal algebraic monoidsfaithful representationsregular algebraic monoids
Geometric invariant theory (14L24) Group actions on varieties or schemes (quotients) (14L30) Grassmannians, Schubert varieties, flag manifolds (14M15) Homogeneous spaces and generalizations (14M17) Linear algebraic groups over arbitrary fields (20G15) Semigroups of transformations, relations, partitions, etc. (20M20)
An algebraic monoid \(M\) is a monoid and an algebraic variety for which the product map is a morphism of algebraic varieties. An algebraic monoid is normal if it is so as an algebraic variety. A classical theorem of Chevalley asserts that any connected algebraic group \(G\) is an extension of an Abelian variety by a connected affine algebraic group \(G_{\text{aff}}\), that is, we have the following short exact sequence \(1\to G_{\text{aff}}\to G@>\alpha_G>>G/G_{\text{aff}}\to 0\). The authors obtain an analogous result for normal algebraic monoids, that is, any normal algebraic monoid is an extension of an Abelian variety by a normal affine algebraic monoid. Precisely, let \(M\) be an irreducible normal algebraic monoid with unit group \(G\). Then \(\alpha_G\colon G\to G/G_{\text{aff}}\) extends to a morphism of algebraic monoids \(\alpha_M\colon M\to G/G_{\text{aff}}\). Moreover, the morphism \(\alpha_M\) is affine, and its scheme-theoretic fibers are normal varieties; the fiber at \(1\) equals \(M_{\text{aff}}\), where \(G_{\text{aff}}\) is the (unique) normal affine algebraic subgroup of \(G\) such that \(G/G_{\text{aff}}\) is an Abelian variety, and \(M\) the Zariski closure of \(G_{\text{aff}}\) in \(M\), which is affine. This result extends (and builds on) Chevalley's structure theorem for algebraic groups, but also resolves a problem posed by \textit{D.~A.~Timashev} (after Theorem 27.3) in his online book ``Homogeneous spaces and equivariant embeddings [arXiv:math.AG/0602228]. The relative problems of classification and faithful representation of normal algebraic monoids are also studied.
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