Exponentially small heteroclinic breakdown in the generic Hopf-zero singularity

DOI10.1007/S10884-013-9297-2MaRDI QIDQ2377294zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Publication date 28 June 2013

Published in Journal of Dynamics and Differential Equations (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1202.1179

exponentially small phenomena Hopf-zero singularity singular perturbation theory splitting of separatrices

Bifurcation theory for ordinary differential equations (34C23) Homoclinic and heteroclinic solutions to ordinary differential equations (34C37) Hyperbolic singular points with homoclinic trajectories in dynamical systems (37G20)

Abstract: In this paper we prove the breakdown of an heteroclinic connection in the analytic versal unfoldings of the generic Hopf-Zero singularity in an open set of the parameter space. This heteroclinic orbit appears at any order if one performs the normal form around the origin, therefore it is a phenomenon "beyond all orders". In this paper we provide a formula for the distance between the corresponding stable and unstable one dimensional manifolds which is given by an exponentially small function in the perturbation parameter. Our result applies both for conservative and dissipative unfoldings.

Review text

Following the notation introduced in the paper, a Hopf-zero (or central) singularity is a vector field \(X^*: \mathbb{R}^3 \to \mathbb{R}^3\) with the origin as a critical point and whose linear part near the origin, after a linear change of variables, is of the form \[ DX^{*}(0,0,0) = \left( \begin{matrix} 0 & \alpha^* & 0 \\ -\alpha^* & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \end{matrix} \right), \] for some \(\alpha^* \neq 0\). The paper deals with generic analytic families \(X_{\mu, \nu}\) of vector fields on \(\mathbb{R}^3\) depending on two parameters \((\mu, \nu) \in \mathbb{R}^2\) such that \(X_{0,0} \, = \, X^*\). After some changes of variables (using normal form theory) and some rescalings, the considered families of vector fields can be presented as \[ \begin{matrix} \displaystyle \frac{d\bar{x}}{dt} & = & \bar{x}(\nu - \beta_1\bar{z}) + \bar{y}(\alpha_0+\alpha_1 \nu+ \alpha_2 \mu+ \alpha_3 \bar{z}) \, + \, O_3(\bar{x}, \bar{y}, \bar{z}, \mu, \nu), \\ \displaystyle \frac{d\bar{y}}{dt} & = & -\bar{x}(\alpha_0+\alpha_1 \nu+ \alpha_2 \mu+ \alpha_3 \bar{z}) + \bar{y}(\nu-\beta_1 \bar{z}) \, + \, O_3(\bar{x}, \bar{y}, \bar{z}, \mu, \nu), \\ \displaystyle \frac{d\bar{z}}{dt} & = & -\mu+\bar{z}^2+\gamma_2(\bar{x}^2+\bar{y}^2)+\gamma_3\mu^2+\gamma_4 \nu^2+\gamma_5\mu \nu \, + \, O_3(\bar{x}, \bar{y}, \bar{z}, \mu, \nu). \end{matrix} \tag{1} \] The coefficient \(\alpha_0\) corresponds to \(\alpha^*\) after a rescaling and the coefficients \(\beta_1\) and \(\gamma_2\) depend exclusively on the vector field \(X^*\). \newline We quote the main result of the paper. \noindent { Theorem} Consider the system ({1}) with \(\mu, \beta_1>0\) and \(|\nu|<\beta_1\sqrt{\mu}\), which has two critical points \(S_{\pm}(\mu, \nu)\) of saddle-focus type. Then there exists a constant \(C^*\) depending on the full jet of \(X^*\) such that the distance \(\bar{d}^{u,s}\) between the one-dimensional stable manifold of \(S_{-}(\mu, \nu)\) and the one-dimensional unstable manifold of \(S_{+}(\mu, \nu)\) when they meet the plane \(\bar{z}=0\) is given asymptotically, as \(\mu \to 0\), by: \[ \bar{d}^{u,s} = \mu^{-\frac{\beta_1}{2}} e^{-\frac{\alpha_0\pi}{2\sqrt{\mu}}} e^{\frac{\pi}{2}(\alpha_0h_0-\frac{\alpha_1\nu}{\sqrt{\mu}}+\alpha_3)} \left(C^* + O\left(\frac{1}{\log(1/\mu)}\right) \right), \] where \(-h_0\) is the coefficient of \(\bar{z}^3\) in the third equation of system ({1}). As a corollary, if \(C^* \neq 0\) and \(\mu\) is sufficiently small, the breakdown of the heteroclinic connection is proved. We remark that the formula for the distance \(\bar{d}^{u,s}\) is explicit and, thus, one can numerically check whether the one-dimensional heteroclinic connection is broken. We observe that the formula for \(\bar{d}^{u,s}\) is an exponentially small function in the perturbation parameter. The given result is a first step towards providing conditions to ensure the existence of a Šil'nikov bifurcation.

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