Generalizations of two cardinal inequalities of Hajnal and Juhász

DOI10.1016/J.TOPOL.2017.02.026MaRDI QIDQ2400880zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Publication date 30 August 2017

Published in Topology and its Applications (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1504.01790

cardinal function Hajnal-Juhász inequality non-Hausdorff number non-Urysohn number

Cardinality properties (cardinal functions and inequalities, discrete subsets) (54A25) Lower separation axioms ((T_0)--(T_3), etc.) (54D10)

Abstract: A non-empty subset

A

of a topological space

X

is called emph{finitely non-Hausdorff} if for every non-empty finite subset

F

of

A

and every family

U_{x} : x i n F

of open neighborhoods

U_{x}

of

x i n F

,

c a p U_{x} : x i n F e e m p t y s e t

and emph{the non-Hausdorff number

n h (X)

of

X

} is defined as follows:

is finitely non-Hausdorff

. Clearly, if

X

is a Hausdorff space then

n h (X) = 2

. We define the emph{non-Urysohn number of

X

with respect to the singletons},

n u_{s} (X)

, as follows:

n u_{s} (X) := 1 + s u p m a t h r m {c l}_{h} e t a (x) : x i n X

. In 1967 Hajnal and Juh'asz proved that if

X

is a Hausdorff space then: (1)

| X | l e 2^{c (X) c h i (X)}

; and (2)

| X | l e 2^{2^{s (X)}}

; where

c (X)

is the cellularity,

c h i (X)

is the character and

s (X)

is the spread of

X

. In this paper we generalize (1) by showing that if

X

is a topological space then

| X | l e n h (X)^{c (X) c h i (X)}

. Immediate corollary of this result is that (1) holds true for every space

X

for which

n h (X) l e 2^{o} m e g a

(and even for spaces with

n h (X) l e 2^{c (X) c h i (X)}

). This gives an affirmative answer to a question posed by M. Bonanzinga in 2013. A simple example of a

T_{1}

, first countable, ccc-space

X

is given such that

| X | > 2^{o} m e g a

and

| X | = n h (X)^{o} m e g a = n h (X)

. This example shows that the upper bound in our inequality is exact and that

n h (X)

cannot be omitted (in particular,

n h (X)

cannot always be replaced by

2

even for

T_{1}

-spaces). In this paper we also generalize (2) by showing that if

X

is a

T_{1}

-space then

| X | l e 2^{n u_{s} (X) c d o t 2^{s (X)}}

. It follows from our result that (2) is true for every

T_{1}

-space for which

n u_{s} (X) l e 2^{s (X)}

. A simple example shows that the presence of the cardinal function

n u_{s} (X)

in our inequality is essential.

Review text

In an earlier paper the author defined the non-Hausdorff number \(nh(X)\) of a topological space \(X\). Here he defines the non-Hausdorff number of a space \(X\) with respect to singletons, denoted by \(nh_s(X)\). Using these two cardinal functions the author gives generalizations of two famous cardinal inequalities by \textit{A. Hajnal} and \textit{I. Juhász} [Nederl. Akad. Wet., Proc., Ser. A 70, 343--356 (1967; Zbl 0163.17204)]: \(|X| \leq 2^{c(X)\chi(X)}\) and \(|X|\leq 2^{2^{s(X)}}\) for any Hausdorff space \(X\) (where \(c\) denotes the cellularity, \(\chi\) the character and \(s\) the spread). It is proved that for every topological space \(X\), \(|X|\leq nh(X)^{c(X)\chi(X)}\) (Theorem 3.1), and that \(|X| \leq 2^{nh_s(X)\cdot 2^{s(X)}}\) for every \(T_1\)-space \(X\) (Theorem 3.11). Examples which show that \(nh(X)\) in the first inequality cannot always be replaced by 2 (even for \(T_1\)-spaces), and that \(nh_s(X)\) in the second inequality cannot be replaced by \(2^{s(X)}\) are given.

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