Limit cycle bifurcations of a piecewise smooth Hamiltonian system with a generalized heteroclinic loop through a cusp
Discontinuous ordinary differential equations (34A36) Topological structure of integral curves, singular points, limit cycles of ordinary differential equations (34C05) Theory of limit cycles of polynomial and analytic vector fields (existence, uniqueness, bounds, Hilbert's 16th problem and ramifications) for ordinary differential equations (34C07) Bifurcation theory for ordinary differential equations (34C23) Homoclinic and heteroclinic solutions to ordinary differential equations (34C37)
The authors calculate the Melnikov functions of the piecewise smooth perturbed Hamiltonian differential equations \[ \begin{alignedat}{3} \dot{x} &= y + \epsilon p^+(x, y), &\quad \dot{y} &= -3 (x-1)^2/2+\epsilon q^+(x, y) && \quad \text{for } x \geq 0, \\ \dot{x} &= y + \epsilon p^-(x, y), &\quad \dot{y} &= 1+x+\epsilon q^-(x,y) && \quad\text{for } x<0,\end{alignedat} \] where \(p^+\), \(p^-\), \(q^+\), and \(q^-\) are polynomials of degree \(n\) in \(x\) and \(y\). For \(\epsilon=0\) the system has a center at the origin, a hyperbolic saddle point at \((x,y)=(-1,0)\) and a cusp at \((x, y)=(1,0)\); the cusp and the saddle point are connected by a generalized heteroclinic loop. For \(\epsilon>0\) the continuous family of periodic solutions is broken and discrete periodic solutions are possible; for small values of \(\epsilon\) the location of these periodic solutions can be approximately found as zeroes of the Melnikov function. The authors derive a formula for the Melnikov function, depending on the perturbation terms in \(p^{\pm}\) and \(q^{\pm}\) and conclude that the number \(n_p\) of periodic solutions is limited by \[ n_p \leq 12n+7. \]
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