On the (non)removability of spectral parameters in Z₂-graded zero-curvature representations and its applications

Frölicher-Nijenhuis bracket Gardner's deformation Korteweg-de Vries equation removability spectral parameter supersymmetry zero-curvature representation

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

KdV equations (Korteweg-de Vries equations) (35Q53) Relations of infinite-dimensional Hamiltonian and Lagrangian dynamical systems with topology, geometry and differential geometry (37K25) Supermanifolds and graded manifolds (58A50) Correspondences and other transformation methods (e.g., Lie-Bäcklund) for PDEs on manifolds (58J72)

Abstract: We generalise to the

m a t h b b Z_{2}

-graded set-up a practical method for inspecting the (non)removability of parameters in zero-curvature representations for partial differential equations (PDEs) under the action of smooth families of gauge transformations. We illustrate the generation and elimination of parameters in the flat structures over

m a t h b b Z_{2}

-graded PDEs by analysing the link between deformation of zero-curvature representations via infinitesimal gauge transformations and, on the other hand, propagation of linear coverings over PDEs using the Fr"olicher--Nijenhuis bracket.

Review text

The aim of this paper is to provide a tool for the inspection of (non)removability of parameters in a matrix Lie super-algebra valued zero-curvature representation for $\mathbb{Z}_2$-graded partial differential equations, e.g., for supersymmetric equations of Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) type. The authors generalise to the $\mathbb{Z}_2$-graded set-up a practical method for inspecting the (non)removability of parameters in zero-curvature representations for partial differential equations (PDEs) under the action of smooth families of gauge transformations. They illustrate the generation and elimination of parameters in the flat structures over $\mathbb{Z}_2$-graded PDEs by analysing the link between the deformation of zero-curvature representations via infinitesimal gauge transformations and, on the other hand, propagation of linear coverings over PDEs using the Frölicher-Nijenhuis bracket. This paper is organized as follows: the first section is an introduction to the subject. In the second section the authors recall basic facts from the local and non-local geometry of $\mathbb{Z}_2$-graded partial differential equations and they fix some notations. In the third section they generalise to the case of $\mathbb{Z}_2$-graded partial differential equations-Marvan's approach to proving the (non)removability of parameters in zero-curvature representations. In the forth section the authors analyse the construction of families of coverings by using the Frölicher-Nijenhuis bracket. In the fifth section they explore a relation between the two ways to obtain parametric families of those geometric structures, namely, zero-curvature representations and coverings. In conclusion the authors summarise the results and list open problems. The paper is supported by two appendices: a technical proof is contained in appendix A and in appendix B which is found at the end of this paper, the authors discuss the unconventional strategies for the elimination of parameters -- e.g., those which cannot be removed by using smooth families of gauge transformations. For example, they then reconsider \textit{R. Sasaki}'s result [``Soliton equations and pseudospherical surfaces, Nucl. Phys. B 154, No. 2, 343--357 (1979)] in the context of [\textit{S. Igonin} et al., Differ. Geom. Appl. 19, No. 3, 319--342 (2003; Zbl 1029.37050)], [\textit{I. S. Krasil'shchik}, in: Lie groups and Lie algebras. Their representations, generalisations and applications. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 407--424 (1998; Zbl 0933.58022)].

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