Invariant torus in 3D Lotka-Volterra systems appearing after perturbation of Hopf center
Explicit solutions, first integrals of ordinary differential equations (34A05) Topological structure of integral curves, singular points, limit cycles of ordinary differential equations (34C05) Bifurcation theory for ordinary differential equations (34C23) Invariant manifolds for ordinary differential equations (34C45)
\textit{M. Bobieński} and \textit{H. \D{Zo}łądek} [Ergodic Theory Dyn. Syst. 25, No.~3, 759--791 (2005; Zbl 1091.34021)] have shown that, for a three-dimensional Lotka-Volterra system, there are four subvarieties in the 9-dimensional space of coefficients that correspond to the case of center. The author considers a three-dimensional Lotka-Volterra system in the case when its coefficients belong to one of these subvarieties, a codimension 2 subvariety that is characterized as follows: The system admits a Darboux type integral and a line of critical points. On the level surface of the integral, there is a unique limit cycle resulting from the Hopf bifurcation. He studies a 2-dimensional normal deformation of such a system and shows that at most one invariant torus can bifurcate.
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- The three-dimensional generalized Lotka–Volterra systems
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- INVARIANT TORUS IN 3D LOTKA–VOLTERRA SYSTEMS: THE NONDEGENERACY CONDITION
- LIMIT CYCLES IN 3D LOTKA–VOLTERRA SYSTEMS APPEARING AFTER PERTURBATION OF HOPF CENTER
- Quadratic systems with center and their perturbations
- Systems of differential equations which are competitive or cooperative: III. Competing species
- The three-dimensional generalized Lotka–Volterra systems
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