The Iwasawa Main Conjectures for GL₂

DOI10.1007/S00222-013-0448-1MaRDI QIDQ2436623zbMATH OpenOpenAlexWikidataFDO

Authors Eric Urban, Christopher M. Skinner

Publication date 25 February 2014

Published in Inventiones Mathematicae (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://doi.org/10.1007/s00222-013-0448-1

\(p\)-adic \(L\)-function automorphic form Einsenstein ideal elliptic curve Galois representation Hecke operator Hida family Iwasawa main conjecture Selmer group

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Congruences for modular and (p)-adic modular forms (11F33) Galois representations (11F80) (p)-adic theory, local fields (11F85) Elliptic curves over global fields (11G05) Iwasawa theory (11R23)

Review text

In this paper under review the authors prove the one-, two-, and three-variable Iwasawa-Greenberg main conjectures for a large class of modular forms that are ordinary at an odd prime \(p\), see \textit{R. Greenberg}'s work [in: Motives. Proceedings of the summer research conference on motives, WA, USA, 1991. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society. Proc. Symp. Pure Math. 55, Pt. 2, 193--223 (1994; Zbl 0819.11046)]. This will give some powerful consequences for the Birch-Swinnerton-Dyer formula of elliptic curves. We let \(\mathbb{Q}_\infty\) be the cyclotomic \(\mathbb{Z}_p\)-extension of \(\mathbb{Q}\) and \(\Gamma_{\mathbb Q}: =\mathrm{Gal}(\mathbb{Q}_\infty/\mathbb{Q})\) its Galois group. The reciprocity map of class field theory identifies \(1+p\mathbb{Z}_p\) with \(\Gamma_{\mathbb Q}\). Let \(f\in S_k(N, \chi)\) be a newform of weight \(k\geq 2\) with level \(N\) and Nebentypus \(\chi\). Suppose that \(a(p, f)\), being the \(p\)-th Fourier coefficient of \(f\), is a \(p\)-adic unit. Let \(L\) be a finite extension of \(\mathbb Q_p\) that contains all Hecke eigenvalues of \(f\) and the roots of the \(p\)-th Euler factor \(x^2 - a(p,f)x + \chi(p) p^{k-1}\). With this background in place \textit{Y. Amice} and \textit{J. Velu} [Astérisque 24--25, 119--131 (1975; Zbl 0332.14010)] and \textit{M. M. Visik} [Math. USSR, Sb. 28, 216--228 (1978; Zbl 0369.14010)] constructed a \(p\)-adic \(L\)-function for \(f\), which is a power series \(\mathcal{L}_f \in \mathcal{O}_L[[\Gamma_{\mathbb Q}]]\) and interpolates \(L\)-series of \(f\) at integer values in the critical strip. The other main ingredient is the characteristic ideal of the \(p\)-adic Selmer group of \(f\) over \(\mathbb Q_{\infty}\). Recall that there exists a continuous \(p\)-adic Galois representation \[ \rho_f: \mathrm{Gal}(\overline{\mathbb Q} / \mathbb Q) \rightarrow \mathrm{Aut}_L(V_f) \] such that the \(L\)-function of \(\rho_f\) is the \(L\)-function of \(f\), where \(V_f\) is a two-dimensional \(L\)-vector space. For every Galois-stable \(\mathcal{O}_L\)-lattice \(T_f \subset V_f\) one can define a \(p\)-adic Selmer group for \(f\) over the cyclotomic \(\mathbb Z_p\)-extension \(\mathbb Q_{\infty}\) of \(\mathbb Q\) as a certain subgroup \(\mathrm{Sel}_{\mathbb Q_{\infty}}(f)\) of \(H^1(\mathbb Q_{\infty}, T_f(\mathrm{det} \, \rho_f^{-1}) \otimes_{\mathbb Z_p} \mathbb Q_p/\mathbb Z_p)\). Its Pontryagin dual \(X_{\mathbb Q_{\infty}}(f): =\mathrm{Hom}_{\mathrm{cont}}(\mathrm{Sel}_{{\mathbb Q}_\infty, L}(f), {\mathbb Q}_p/{\mathbb Z}_p)\) is a finitely generated \(\mathcal{O}_L[[\Gamma_{\mathbb Q}]]\)-module and as such has a characteristic ideal \(\mathrm{Ch}_{\mathbb Q_{\infty}}(f)\). The group \(\mathrm{Sel}_{{\mathbb Q}_\infty, L}(f)\) depends on the choice of \(T_f\), this dependency is reflected in the characteristic ideal \(\mathrm{Ch}_{\mathbb Q_{\infty}}(f)\) only at its valuation at the prime containing \(p\). It is also well-defined in \(\mathcal{O}_L[[\Gamma_{\mathbb Q}]]\otimes \mathbb Q_p\), and even in \(\mathcal{O}_L[[\Gamma_{\mathbb Q}]]\) when \(\rho_f\) is residually irreducible. The Iwasawa-Greenberg main conjecture for \(f\) states that \[ \mathrm{Ch}_{\mathbb Q_{\infty}}(f) = (\mathcal{L}_f) \] in \(\mathcal{O}_L[[\Gamma_{\mathbb Q}]]\otimes \mathbb Q_p \), and even in \(\mathcal{O}_L[[\Gamma_{\mathbb Q}]]\) when \(\rho_f\) is residually irreducible. \textit{K. Kato}, [in: \(p\)-adic cohomology and arithmetic applications (III). Paris: Société Mathématique de France. Astérisque 295, 117--290 (2004; Zbl 1142.11336)] has proven that under certain hypotheses on \(f\) and \(\rho_f\), \(\mathcal{L}_f \in \mathrm{Ch}_{\mathbb Q_{\infty}}(f)\). The following theorem, establishing the main conjecture in many cases, is one of the main results of this paper. Suppose \(\bullet\) \(\chi=1\) and \(k\equiv 2 \mod p-1\); \(\bullet\) the reduction \(\bar{\rho}_f\) of \(\rho_f\) modulo the maximal ideal of \(\mathcal{O}_L\) is irreducible; \(\bullet\) there exists a prime \(q\neq p\) such that \(q||N\) and \(\bar{\rho}_f\) is ramified at \(q\); \(\bullet\) \(p \nmid N\). Then \(\mathrm{Ch}_{\mathbb Q_{\infty}}(f) = (\mathcal{L}_f)\) in \(\mathcal{O}_L[[\Gamma_{\mathbb Q}]]\otimes \mathbb Q_p\). Furthermore, if \(\bullet\) there exists an \(\mathcal{O}_L\)-basis of \(T_f\) with respect to which the image of \(\rho_f\) contains \(\mathrm{SL}_2(\mathbb{Z}_p)\), then the equality holds in \(\mathcal{O}_L[[\Gamma_{\mathbb Q}]]\); that is, the Iwasawa-Greenberg main conjecture for \(f\) is true. This theorem is deduced by combining Kato's result with the main theorem (Theorem 2.6) of this paper which proves one of the divisibilities (`\(p\)-adic \(L\)-function divides characteristic ideal') of the Iwasawa-Greenberg main conjecture for a Hida family of eigenforms and an imaginary quadratic field. This main theorem should be thought of as part of a three-variable main conjecture, one variable being the variable in the Hida family and the two other variables being cyclotomic and anti-cyclotomic characters of the maximal \({\mathbb Z}_p\)-extension of the imaginary quadratic field. The authors treat the three-variable main conjecture for Hida families of eigenforms and an imaginary quadratic field \(K\) in which \(p\) splits (one variable being the variable in the Hida family, the other two are from the cyclotomic and the anti-cyclotomic \(\mathbb Z_p\)-extension of \(K\)). Let \(K_{\infty}\) be the unique \(\mathbb Z_p^2\)-extension of \(K\), and let us set \(\Gamma_K : =\mathrm{Gal}(K_{\infty}/ K)\). Let \(\mathbb I\) be a normal domain that is a finite integral local reduced extension of \(\mathcal{O}_L[[\Gamma_{\mathbb Q}]]\), and let \(\mathbf f\) be an \(\mathbb I\)-adic ordinary eigenform of tame level \(N\). The authors under mild conditions construct a three-variable \(p\)-adic \(L\)-function \(\mathcal{L}_{\mathbf f, K}^S\) in \(\mathbb I\Gamma_K\), where \(S\) is a certain finite set of primes. This \(L\)-function is connected with the \(p\)-adic \(L\)-functions \(\mathcal{L}_f\) and other \(p\)-adic \(L\)-functions such as the anticyclotomic \(L\)-functions of the eigenforms in the family. The three-variable main conjecture states that \(\mathcal{L}_{\mathbf f, K}^S\) generates the characteristic ideal of a dual Selmer group associated with \(\mathbf f\) and \(K\). It is proven that the ideal generated by \(\mathcal{L}_{\mathbf f, K}^S\) contains the characteristic ideal. Let us briefly talk about some consequences of the main results. When \(f\) is the newform associated with an elliptic curve \(E\) over \(\mathbb Q\), these results imply the main conjecture for \(E\). In particular, the main conjecture for \(E\) holds whenever \(E\) is semistable and \(p \geq 11\) is a prime of good ordinary reduction. Moreover, the \(p\)-part of the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture is true when in addition \(L(E, 1) \not= 0\). While \(L(E, 1) =0\), then the corank of the Selmer group \(\mathrm{Sel}_{p^{\infty}}(E/\mathbb Q)\) is at least one. This article is well-organized and is also well-written with clear style. It will be a valuable reference for researchers in the field of classical and noncommutative Iwasawa theory.

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