Computing intersection numbers between abelian varieties associated to subspaces of modular forms
The authors derive a formula for the intersection number between abelian varieties associated to complementary subspaces of the space of cuspidal modular forms. The formula may be implemented to give an algorithm. For an integer \(N>5\) and a newform \(g\) of level dividing \(N\), denote by \(S_{[g],\mathbb{C}}\) the subspace in \(S_2(\Gamma_0(N),\mathbb{C})\) generated by the degeneracy map images of forms in \([g]\). Suppose \(X=\bigoplus_{[g]} S_{[g],\mathbb{C}}\) and \(Y=\bigoplus_{[f]} S_{[f],\mathbb{C}}\) where the sums are over two disjoint subsets of the set of Galois conjugacy classes of newforms at levels that divide \(N\). The main result of the paper is: the intersection number between \(X\) and \(Y\) is \[ \frac{\text{tors}({T_1}_{\text{int}}\cdots{T_m}_{\text{int}}{R_1}_{\text{int}}\cdots {R_n}_{\text{int}})} {\text{tors}({T_1}_{\text{int}}\cdots{T_m}_{\text{int}})\text{tors}({R_1}_{\text{int}}\cdots {R_n}_{\text{int}})}. \] Here \(M_{\text{int}}\) denotes the integral matrix obtained by multiplying the least common multiple of the denominators of all entries in the rational matrix \(M\), and for an \(m\times n\) integral matrix \(M\), the torsion order \(\text{tors}(M)\) of \(M\) equals the order of the torsion part of the group \(\mathbb{Z}^m/\text{Col}(M)\) where \(\text{Col}(M)\) denotes the subgroup of \(\mathbb{Z}^m\) generated by the columns of \(M\). The matrices in \(\{T_1,\cdots, T_m\}\) and \(\{R_1,\cdots, R_n\}\) are matrix representations, relative to some basis of \(S_2(\Gamma_0(N))\), of the generators \(\{t_1,\cdots, t_m\}\) and \(\{r_1,\cdots, r_n\}\) for the annihilator ideals in \({\mathbf T}\otimes \mathbb{Q}\) of \(X\) and \(Y\) respectively, where \({\mathbf T}\) is the subring of endomorphisms of the Jacobian \(J_0(N)\) generated by Hecke operators.
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