The Gauss sums and Jacobi sums over Galois ring GR(p^2,r)
Let \(p\) be a prime and \(q=p^r\), let \(h(x)\) be a primitive polynomial of degree \(r\) in \({\mathbb Z}_{p^2}[x]\) and let \(\xi\) be a zero of \(h(x)\) in some extension ring of \({\mathbb Z}_{p^2}\) and \(\overline\xi\) be its reduction modulo \(p\) in the algebraic closure of \({\mathbb F}_p\). This gives an explicit construction of \({\mathbb F}_q={\mathbb F}_p(\overline\xi)\) and the Galois ring \(R = {\mathbb Z}_{p^2}[x]/(h(x)) = {\mathbb Z}_{p^2}[\xi]\) of order \(q^2\). Set \(T = T^*\cup\{0\}\) where \(T^*=\langle\xi\rangle\) is the cyclic group of order \(q-1\) generated by \(\xi\). Every element \(\alpha\) of \(R\) can be expressed uniquely as \(\alpha=a+bp\) with \(a,b\) in \(T\). The Galois group \(\mathrm{Gal}(R/{\mathbb Z}_{p^2})=\langle\sigma\rangle\) is the cyclic group of order \(r\) generated by \(\sigma\) where \(\sigma\) is defined by \(\sigma(a+bp)=a^p+pb^p)\) for \(a,b\) in \(T\). With this machinery, there are explicit formulae for the trace and norm mappings and the additive and multiplicative characters of \({\mathbb F}_q\). Let \(\chi\) and \(\lambda\) be a multiplicative character and an additive character of \(R\), respectively. The Gauss sum for \(\chi\) and \(\lambda\) over \(R\) is defined by \(G_R(\chi,\lambda) = \sum_{x\in R^*} \chi(x)\lambda(x)\). It is evaluated explicitly and reduced to the usual Gauss sum \(\sum_{x\in {\mathbb F}_q^*} \omega^i(x)\zeta_p^{\overline{\text{Tr}}(x)}\) over the finite field \({\mathbb F}_q\). Similarly, the Jacobi sum \(J(\chi_1,\chi_2;\alpha) = \sum_{x,,y\in R^*, x+y=\alpha} \chi_1(x)\chi_2(y)\) is evaluated explicitly in terms of Gauss sums. The authors note that the structure of the Galois ring \(\text{GR}(p^t,r)\) for \(t>2\) is more complex and the simple formulae for the Gauss and Jacobi sums do not extend beyond \(t=2\).
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