Vector-valued almost convergence and classical properties in normed spaces
This paper deals with almost convergence and almost summability in normed spaces. It consists of four sections. The introduction starts with a historical overview of the problems investigated and motivation from previous work. Then, the authors review the following definitions from the literature: Banach limit; almost convergence and almost limit of a sequence (\(AC\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty}x_n=y\)); almost convergence and almost limit of a series (\(AC \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} x_n=y\)); weak almost convergence and weak almost limit of a sequence and series (\(\omega AC\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty}x_n=y\) and \(\omega AC \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} x_n=y\), respectively). Several equivalent formulations of these definitions are also given. In Section 2, the authors define the sets of almost convergent and weakly almost convergent sequences \(AC(X)\) and \(\omega AC(X)\) and prove that both sets are closed subspaces of \(\ell_{\infty}(X),\) endowed with the sup norm (Theorem 2.1). As a corollary, it follows that the completeness of \(X\), \(AC(X)\) and \(\omega AC(X)\) are all equivalent. Then in a natural way, they consider the set of almost convergent sequences in \(X^*\) with the weak star topology, \(\omega^*ac(X^*)=\{ (f_i)_i: f_i \in X^*\,\,\, \text{and}\,\, \omega^*AC\lim_nf_n \,\,\text{exists}\}\). Theorem 2.2 states that \(\omega^*ac(X^*)\cap \ell_{\infty}(X^*)\) is a closed subspace of \(\ell_{\infty}(X^*).\) In Section 3, the authors follow the same approach for spaces of sequences defined by the almost summability condition. In Section 4, they characterize classical properties of a normed space in terms of almost convergence of sequences and almost summability of series. We now list several interesting results. Theorem (cf. Theorems 4.1, 4.2, 4.4 and 4.5). Let \(X\) be a real normed space. {\parindent=6mm \begin{itemize}\item[(1)] A Cauchy sequence \(\{x_n\}_n\) is convergent if and only if it is almost convergent. \item[(2)] \(X\) is complete if and only if every Cauchy sequence is almost convergent. \item[(3)] \(X\) is reflexive if and only if every bounded sequence in \(X\) has a weakly almost convergent subsequence. \item[(4)] \(X\) has the Gronthendieck property if and only if \(\omega^*ac(X^*)=\omega ac(X^*).\) \item[(5)] \(X\) has a copy of \(c_0\) if and only if there exists a sequence \(\{x_n\}_n\) in \(\ell_{\infty}(X) \setminus c_0(X)\) such that every infinite set, \(M\subset \mathbb{N},\) contains an infinite subset \(P\) such that \(\sum_{i\in P} x_i\) has bounded partial sums. \end{itemize}}
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