The sum of the false degrees -- a mystery in the theory of invariants

DOI10.1016/J.AIM.2007.10.002MaRDI QIDQ2470413zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Florence Fauquant-Millet, Anthony Joseph

Publication date 14 February 2008

Published in Advances in Mathematics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1306.0529

center enveloping algebra parabolic subalgebra semicenter semisimple Lie algebra

Actions of groups and semigroups; invariant theory (associative rings and algebras) (16W22) Universal enveloping (super)algebras (17B35)

Abstract: Let

m a t h f r a k g

be a simple Lie algebra over an algebraically closed field

of characteristic zero and

its adjoint group. Let

m a t h f r a k q

be a biparabolic subalgebra of

m a t h f r a k g

. The algebra

S y (m a t h f r a k q)

of semi-invariants on

m a t h f r a k q^{*}

is polynomial in most cases, in particular when

m a t h f r a k g

is simple of type

A

or

C

. On the other hand

m a t h f r a k q

admits a canonical truncation

m a t h f r a k q_{L a m b d a}

such that

S y (m a t h f r a k q) = S y (m a t h f r a k q_{L a m b d a}) = Y (m a t h f r a k q_{L a m b d a})

where

Y (m a t h f r a k q_{L a m b d a})

denotes the algebra of invariant functions on

m a t h f r a k q_{L a m b d a}^{*}

. An adapted pair for

m a t h f r a k q_{L a m b d a}

is a pair

(h,, e t a) i n m a t h f r a k q_{L a m b d a} i m e s m a t h f r a k q_{L a m b d a}^{*}

such that

e t a

is regular and

(a d, h) e t a = - e t a

. In a previous paper of A. Joseph (2008) adapted pairs for every truncated biparabolic subalgebra

m a t h f r a k q_{L a m b d a}

of a simple Lie algebra

m a t h f r a k g

of type

A

were constructed and then provide Weierstrass sections for

Y (m a t h f r a k q_{L a m b d a})

in

m a t h f r a k q_{L a m b d a}^{*}

. These latter are linear subvarieties

e t a + V

of

m a t h f r a k q_{L a m b d a}^{*}

such that the restriction map induces an algebra isomorphism of

Y (m a t h f r a k q_{L a m b d a})

onto the algebra of regular functions on

e t a + V

. Here we show that for each of the adapted pairs

(h,, e t a)

constructed in the paper mentioned above one can express

e t a

as the image of a regular nilpotent element

y

of

m a t h f r a k g^{*}

under the restriction to

m a t h f r a k q

. Since

y

must be a

translate of the standard regular nilpotent element defined in terms of the already chosen set

p i

of simple roots, one may attach to

y

a unique element of the Weyl group. Ultimately one can then hope to be able to describe adapted pairs (in general) through the Weyl group.

Review text

Let \(\mathfrak g\) be a semisimple Lie algebra over the complex numbers, and let \(\mathfrak p\) be a parabolic subalgebra of \(\mathfrak g\). The main theme of the paper is the open problem whether the semicenter \(\text{Sz} ({\mathfrak p})\) of the enveloping algebra of \(\mathfrak p\) is a polynomial algebra. Positive answers were given by Chevalley for \({\mathfrak p}={\mathfrak g}\), by \textit{A. Joseph} [J. Algebra 48, 241--289 (1977; Zbl 0405.17007)] if \(\mathfrak p\) is a Borel subalgebra, and by \textit{F. Fauquant-Millet} and \textit{A. Joseph} [Ann. Sci. Éc. Norm. Supér. 38, No. 2, 155--191 (2005; Zbl 1158.17002)] if \(\mathfrak g\) is a product of Lie algebras of type \(A\) or \(C\). There are some cases where \(\text{Sz} ({\mathfrak p})\) is a polynomial algebra, but the degrees of its generators are not the expected ones. This leads to the so called ``false degrees defined by underlying combinatorial structure. The authors construct a linear map from \(\text{Sz} ({\mathfrak b}^-)\) to the center \(\text{Z}({\mathfrak g})\) of the enveloping algebra of \(\mathfrak g\), which is related to the polynomiality of \(\text{Sz} ({\mathfrak p})\). This map is an isomorphism if \(\mathfrak g\) has only factors of type \(A\) or \(C\), and also it preserves the degrees in this case. It is proved that in general the sum of the false degrees is \(\frac{1}{2}(\text{dim}\; {\mathfrak p}+\text{index}(\mathfrak p))\), where \(\text{index}(\mathfrak p)\) is the minimal codimension of a coadjoint orbit of \(\mathfrak p\). In order to do this, the index of \(\mathfrak p\) is computed in terms of certain subsets of orbits of the system of simple roots of \(\mathfrak g\). This is also used to prove the Tauvel-Yu conjecture [\textit{P. Tauvel} and \textit{R. W. T. Yu}, Ann. Inst. Fourier 54, No. 6, 1793--1810 (2004; Zbl 1137.17300)] on the index of a parabolic subalgebra.

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