Nilpotent closed subsets of association schemes
For each finite set \(X\) and \(r\subseteq X\times X\) we set \(r^*=\{(x,y)\;|\;(y,x)\in r\}\) and \(xr=\{y\in X\;|\;(x,y)\in r\}\) where \(x\in X\). Let \(X\) be a nonempty finite set and \(G\) a partition of \(X\times X\) which does not contain the empty set. The pair \((X,G)\) is an association scheme if it is satisfies: {\parindent=8mm \begin{itemize}\item[(i)]\(1_X=\{(x,x)\;|\;x\in X\}\) is a member of \(G\); \item[(ii)]for each \(g\in G\), \(g^*\) is a member of \(G\); \item[(iii)]for all \(d,e\in X,f\in G\), \(|xd\cap ye^*|\) is constant \(a_{def}\) whenever \((x,y)\in f\). \end{itemize}} For each \(g\in G\) we abbreviate \(a_{gg^*1_X}\) as \(n_g\), which is called the valency of \(g\). For all \(D,E\subseteq G\) we set \[ DE = \bigcup_{d\in D,e\in E} \{f\in G\;|\;a_{def}>1\}. \] Let \(H\) be a nonempty subset of \(G\). Then we set \(n_H=\sum_{h\in H}n_h\), called the valency of \(H\). We call \(H\) closed if \(HH\subseteq H\). We shall write \(H\leq K\) if \(H\) and \(K\) are closed in \(G\) with \(H\subseteq K\). Let \(H\leq K\leq G\). We shall write \(H\triangleleft K\) if \(k^*Hk\subseteq H\) for each \(k\in K\). Let \(p\) be a prime. We say that \(H\) is \(p\)-valenced if \(n_h\) is a power of \(p\) for each \(h\in H\), and \(H\) is a \(p\)-subset if \(H\) is \(p\)-valenced and \(n_H\) is a power of \(p\). We say \(H\) is thin if \(n_h=1\) for each \(h\in H\). We say \(H\) is a Sylow p-subset of \(K\), if \(H\) is a closed \(p\)-subset of \(K\) and \(n_k/n_H\) is prime with respect to \(p\). We say that a closed subset \(M\) is nilpotent if, for each \(H<M\) and each prime divisor \(p\) of \(n_m/n_H\), there exist \(L\leq M\) such that \(H\triangleleft L\) and \(n_L/n_H=p\). Theorem. Let \((X,G)\) be an association scheme and \(M\leq G\). Then \(M\) is nilpotent if and only if \(M\) is the direct product of Sylow p-subsets of \(M\) where \(p\) ranges in the set of prime divisors of \(n_M\).
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