Periodic solutions for planar autonomous systems with nonsmooth periodic perturbations

Bifurcation theory for ordinary differential equations (34C23) Periodic solutions to ordinary differential equations (34C25) Perturbations of ordinary differential equations (34D10)

Abstract: In this paper we consider a class of planar autonomous systems having an isolated limit cycle x_0 of smallest period T>0 such that the associated linearized system around it has only one characteristic multiplier with absolute value 1. We consider two functions, defined by means of the eigenfunctions of the adjoint of the linearized system, and we formulate conditions in terms of them in order to have the existence of two geometrically distinct families of T-periodic solutions of the autonomous system when it is perturbed by nonsmooth T-periodic nonlinear terms of small amplitude. We also show the convergence of these periodic solutions to x_0 as the perturbation disappears and we provide an estimation of the rate of convergence. The employed methods are mainly based on the theory of topological degree and its properties that allow less regularity on the data than that required by the approach, commonly employed in the existing literature on this subject, based on various versions of the implicit function theorem.

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This work starts from \textit{W. S. Loud}'s work [Ann. Math. 70, 490-529 (1959; Zbl 0091.26701)], which provides conditions under which the perturbed system \[ \dot x=\psi(x)+\varepsilon \phi(t,x,\varepsilon), \] where \(\psi\in C^1(\mathbb{R}^n,\mathbb{R}^n)\) and \(\phi\in C^1(\mathbb{R}\times \mathbb{R}^n\times [0,1], \mathbb{R}^n)\) is \(T\)-periodic in \(t\), has a \(T\)-periodic solution, which tends to the \(T\)-periodic limit cycle \(x_0\) of the unperturbed system \(\dot x=\psi(x)\). In this paper the authors consider a class of planar autonomous systems having a limit cycle \(x_0\) of smallest period \(T>0\) such that the associated linearized system around it has only one characterisitc multiplier with absolute value \(1\). They employ the theory of topological degree to establish the existence of two geometrically distinct families of \(T\)-periodic solutions of the autonomous system when it is perturbed by nonsmooth \(T\)-periodic nonlinear terms of small amplitude. They also show the convergence of these periodic solutions to \(x_0\) as the perturbation disppears and provide an estimation of the rate of convergence.

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