Exponential stability of nonautonomous linear differential equations with linear perturbations by Liao methods

Characteristic and Lyapunov exponents of ordinary differential equations (34D08) Perturbations of ordinary differential equations (34D10) Stability of solutions to ordinary differential equations (34D20)

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The paper studies, by Liao methods, the stability (under small linear perturbations) of Lyapunov exponents of nonautonomous systems of linear differential equations \[ \dot x=A(t)x, \quad (t,x)\in\mathbb R_{+}\times\mathbb R^n, \tag{A} \] where \(A(t)\) is an upper-triangular continuous and on \(\mathbb R_{+}\) uniformly bounded real \(n\times n\)-matrix. It is proved that if there exists a relatively dense sequence \(\{T_i\}_0^{\infty}\) in \(\mathbb R_{+}\), \(0=T_0<T_1<\cdots <T_i<\cdots\), such that \[ \chi_{*}^{+}(A)=\limsup_{i\to +\infty}\frac{1}{T_i} \sum_{i'=0}^{i-1}\max_{1\leq k\leq n} \left\{\int_{T_{i'}}^{T_{i'+1}}A^{k}(t)dt\right\}<0 \] then, to any \(\varepsilon >0\), there corresponds \(\delta >0\) such that for every linear system \[ \dot z=B(t)z, \quad (t,z)\in\mathbb R_{+}\times\mathbb R^n, \tag{B} \] where \(B(t)\) is a real \(n\times n\)-matrix continuous on \(\mathbb R_{+}\) satisfying \[ \sup_{t\in\mathbb R^{+}}| | B(t)-A(t)| | <\delta , \] one has \[ \limsup_{t\to +\infty}\frac{1}{t}\log | | z(t,z_0)| | <\chi_{*}^{+}(A)+\varepsilon , \quad \forall z_0\in\mathbb R^n, \] where \(z(t,z_0)\) stands for the solution of equation (B) with \(z(0,z_0)=z_0\). For the nonuniformly expanding case, a similar statement is proved.

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