Local Shannon entropy measure with statistical tests for image randomness

DOI10.1016/J.INS.2012.07.049MaRDI QIDQ2510477zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Yue Wu, Yicong Zhou, George Saveriades, Sos Agaian, Joseph P. Noonan, Premkumar Natarajan

Publication date 1 August 2014

Published in Information Sciences (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1103.5520

zbMATH Keywords

hypothesis testimage encryptionimage randomnessShannon entropy

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Hypothesis testing in multivariate analysis (62H15) Image processing (compression, reconstruction, etc.) in information and communication theory (94A08) Measures of information, entropy (94A17)

Abstract: The quality of image encryption is commonly measured by the Shannon entropy over the ciphertext image. However, this measurement does not consider to the randomness of local image blocks and is inappropriate for scrambling based image encryption methods. In this paper, a new information entropy-based randomness measurement for image encryption is introduced which, for the first time, answers the question of whether a given ciphertext image is sufficiently random-like. It measures the randomness over the ciphertext in a fairer way by calculating the averaged entropy of a series of small image blocks within the entire test image. In order to fulfill both quantitative and qualitative measurement, the expectation and the variance of this averaged block entropy for a true-random image are strictly derived and corresponding numerical reference tables are also provided. Moreover, a hypothesis test at significance-level is given to help accept or reject the hypothesis that the test image is ideally encrypted/random-like. Simulation results show that the proposed test is able to give both effectively quantitative and qualitative results for image encryption. The same idea can also be applied to measure other digital data, like audio and video.

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