Optimal quasi-metrics in a given pointwise equivalence class do not always exist
Not locally convex spaces (metrizable topological linear spaces, locally bounded spaces, quasi-Banach spaces, etc.) (46A16) Modular spaces (46A80) Spaces of measurable functions ((L^p)-spaces, Orlicz spaces, Köthe function spaces, Lorentz spaces, rearrangement invariant spaces, ideal spaces, etc.) (46E30) Convex sets in topological vector spaces (aspects of convex geometry) (52A07) Metric spaces, metrizability (54E35)
Throughout this paper a quasi-metric on a set \(X\) will be any function \(\rho:X\times X\to [0,\infty]\) satisfying: {\parindent=0.6cm\begin{itemize}\item[--] \(\rho\) is non-degenerate, i.e., \(\rho(x,y)=0\) iff \(x=y\). \item[--] \(\rho\) is quasi-symmetric, i.e., \(\widetilde{C}_{\rho}:= \sup\{\frac{\rho(x,y)}{\rho(y,x)}:x, y \in X, x\neq y\}<\infty\). \item[--] \(\rho\) is quasi-ultrametric, i.e., \(C_{\rho}:= \sup\{\frac{\rho(x,y)}{\max\{\rho(x,z),\rho(z,y)\}} :x, y,z \in X, \text{not all equal}\}<\infty\). \end{itemize}} It is easy to see that \(\widetilde{C}_{\rho}, C_{\rho}\in [1, \infty)\), and when \(\rho\) is in particular a metric on \(X\), then \(\widetilde{C}_{\rho}=1\) and \(C_{\rho}\in [1,2]\). Moreover, if \(\widetilde{C}_{\rho}=1\) and \(C_{\rho}=1\), it follows that \(\rho\) is in fact an ultrametric. Analogously to metrics, any quasi-metric \(\rho\) induces in a natural way a topology \(\tau_\rho\) on \(X\). But contrary to the metric setting, it is known that quasi-metrics possibly fail to be continuous and their associated balls to be open in their induced topology. On the other hand, two quasi-metrics \(\rho\) and \(\varrho\) on \(X\) are called pointwise equivalent (\(\rho\approx\varrho\)) if there exists a constant \(C\in [1, \infty)\) such that \(C^{-1}\rho(x,y)\leq \varrho(x,y)\leq C \rho(x,y)\), for every \(x,y\in X\). In this scenario, the authors investigate some kind of optimization problems, for instance, given a quasi-metric \(\rho\) whether there exists or not another pointwise equivalent \(\varrho\) which is most ultrametric-like. In other words, is the infimum \(\inf\{C_\varrho: \varrho \approx \rho\}\) actually attained? This question was posed in [\textit{D. Mitrea} et al., Groupoid metrization theory. With applications to analysis on quasi-metric spaces and functional analysis. New York, NY: Birkhäuser/Springer (2013; Zbl 1269.46002)]. In this respect, the main result (Theorem 3.1) says that, in general, such a minimizer does not exist. In order to establish this, it is necessary to carry out a series of steps, including the development of the notion of Rolewicz-Orlicz spaces (which are topological vector spaces). Finally it is proved that with some additional properties the above optimization problem has a global minimizer (Theorem 7.4).
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