Mean ergodicity and mean stability of regularized solution families
\(C_0\)-semigroupcosine operator functionintegrated cosine functionintegrated semigroupintegrated solution familymean ergodicitymean stabilityregularized solution family
Volterra integral equations (45D05) Abstract integral equations, integral equations in abstract spaces (45N05) Ergodic theory of linear operators (47A35) One-parameter semigroups and linear evolution equations (47D06) Operator sine and cosine functions and higher-order Cauchy problems (47D09) Integrated semigroups (47D62)
Let \(X\) be a Polish space with metric \(\rho\). Consider the iterated function system \((S,p)\) such that \(S=\{S_i\}_{i=1}^N\) and \(p=\{p_i\}_{i=1}^N\) satisfies (a) \(S_i : X\to X\) is Lipschitz continuous for each \(i\), (b) \(p_i : X\to[0,1]\) is continuous for each \(i\), and \(\sum_{i=1}^Np_i(x)=1\) for all \(x\). Let \(H\) be a self-similar set generated by the above IFS. One considers the Hausdorff dimension of \(H\) under a probability measure \(\mu\) defined by \[ \dim_H\mu=\inf\{\dim_HA: \mu(A)=1\}, \] where \(\dim_HA\) is the usual Hausdorff dimension of a measurable set \(A\subset X\). Define a Markov operator \(P\) from the set of finite measures \(\mathcal M\) into itself. \[ P\mu(A)=\sum_{i=1}^N\int_{S_i^{-1}(A)}p_i(x)\,d\mu. \] A Markov operator \(P\) is called asymptotically stable if there exists \(\mu_*\) such that \(P^n\mu\to\mu_*\). Here the norm on \(\mathcal M\) is defined by \(||\mu||=\sup\{\,|\int f(x)\,d\mu|\,\}\), where the supremum is taken over all bounded and continuous functions \(f\) with a supremum norm less than or equal to 1, and \(|f(x)-f(y)|\leq\rho(x,y)\) for \(x,y\in X\). Put (1.2) \(\prod_{i=1}^N(\rho(S_i(x),S_i(y))^{p_i(x)}\leq\gamma_0\rho(x,y)\) for all \(x,y \in X\), (1.3) \(\kappa=\min_{1\leq i\leq N}\inf_{x\in X}p_i(x)>0\), and let (1.4) \(\omega:{\mathbb R}_+\to{\mathbb R}_+\) be a nondecreasing and concave function satisfying the Dini condition: \[ \int_0^\sigma \frac{\omega(t)}{t}\,dt<\infty\quad\text{for some }\sigma>0, \] and \(\sum_{i=1}^N|p_i(x)-p_i(y)|\leq\omega(\rho(x,y))\). Using symbolic dynamics, one gets the following upper estimate of the Hausdorff dimension: Theorem 3.1. Assume that an IFS satisfies conditions (1.2)--(1.4). Then \[ \dim_H\mu_*\leq\frac{\log\delta_0}{\log\gamma_0}, \] where \(\delta_0=\inf_{x\in X}\prod_{i=1}^Np_i(x)^{p_i(x)}\). Under the assumptions (4.1) \(\rho(S_i(x),S_i(y))\geq l_i(x,y)\text{ for }x,y\in X,\) where \(l_i\in(0,1)\), (4.2), without loss of generality, \(l_1\leq l_i\leq l_N\) for \(i=1,\dots,N\), (4.3) \(K=\bigcup_{i=1}^NS_i(K)\), (4.4) \(\bigcap_{i=1}^nS_i(K)=\emptyset\), one can get the following lower estimate of the Hausdorff dimension: Theorem 4.1. Assume that an IFS satisfies conditions (4.1)--(4.4). Assume further that there exists an invariant probability measure \(\mu_*\) with its support contained in \(K\). If \(\sum_{i\in I_x}p_i(S_i^{-1}(x))<1\text{ for every }x\in K\), then \[ \dim_H\mu_*\geq s_*, \] where \(s_*=\sup\{s>0:\sum_{i\in I_x}p_i(S_i^{-1}(x))l_i^{-s}\leq 1,\, x\in K\}\), and \(I_x=\{i:i\in\{1,\dots,N\}, \,x\in S_i(K)\}\).
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