Formal duality in finite cyclic groups

Estimates on character sums (11L40) Polynomial rings and ideals; rings of integer-valued polynomials (13F20) Finite abelian groups (20K01) Special sets (thin sets, Kronecker sets, Helson sets, Ditkin sets, Sidon sets, etc.) (43A46)

Abstract: The notion of formal duality in finite Abelian groups appeared recently in relation to spherical designs, tight sphere packings, and energy minimizing configurations in Euclidean spaces. For finite cyclic groups it is conjectured that there are no primitive formally dual pairs besides the trivial one and the TITO configuration. This conjecture has been verified for cyclic groups of prime power order, as well as of square-free order. In this paper, we will confirm the conjecture for other classes of cyclic groups, namely almost all cyclic groups of order a product of two prime powers, with finitely many exceptions for each pair of primes, or whose order

N

satisfies

p m i d! m i d N

, where

p

a prime satisfying the so-called self-conjugacy property with respect to

N

. For the above proofs, various tools were needed: the field descent method, used chiefly for the circulant Hadamard conjecture, the techniques of Coven & Meyerowitz for sets that tile

m a t h b b Z

or

m a t h b b Z_{N}

by translations, dubbed herein as the polynomial method, as well as basic number theory of cyclotomic fields, especially the splitting of primes in a given cyclotomic extension.

Review text

The author studies \textit{periodic sets} $\Lambda\subseteq \mathbb{R}^n$: a set that satisfies $\Lambda+L=\Lambda$ for some lattice $L$; its period is $\rho(\Lambda)=N/\det{(L)}$ with $\det{(L)}$ the volume of a fundamental parallelepiped of $L$. \par The fundamental notion is \par Definition 1.1. Two periodic sets $\Lambda,\Gamma\subseteq \mathbb{R}^n$ are called \textit{formally dual} if they satisfy \[ \Sigma_f(\Lambda)=\rho(\Lambda){\Sigma}_{\hat{f}}(\Gamma) \] for every Schwartz function $f:R^n\rightarrow C$. \par Here \[ \Sigma_f(\Lambda)=\frac{1}{N}\sum_{i,j=1}^N\sum_{v\in L} f(v+t_i-t_j) \] for the periodic configuration $\Lambda=\bigcup_{j=1}^N (t_j+L)$, and $\hat{f}$ denotes the Fourier-transform of $f$, defined by \[ \hat{f}(y)=\int\,f(x)e^{-2\pi i\langle x,y\rangle}dx. \] The author now studies the following \par Conjecture. The only primitive subsets of $Z_N$, possessing a formal dual subset are $\{0\}\subseteq Z/Z$ and $\{0,1\}\subseteq Z_4$. \par In this paper ample evidence towards the validity of this conjecture is given by proving it for the following cases: \par (1) $N=p^2q^2$ for distinct primes $p,q$. \par (2) $N=p^mq^n$ for distinct primes $p,q$, with possible finitely many exceptions for each pair $(p,q)$. \par (3) A prime $p$ divides $N$ \textbf{exactly}, that is $p|N,p\not| N$ and $p$ is self-conjugate $\mod N$ (i.e. there exists $j\in Z$ such that $p^j\equiv -1 \mod N$). \par The layout of the paper is as follows: \par 1. Introduction (3 pages) \par -- the main results are stated in this section \par 2. Basic number theoretic background (2 pages) \par -- contains a.o. facts about cyclotomic fields \par 3. The polynomial method (5 pages) \par 4. Structural results on formal duality (6 pages) \par 5. The field descent method (3 pages) \par 6. The prime power case revisited (4 pages) \par 7. Products of two primes (15 pages) \par -- with an appendix of 2 pages on products of two powers of small primes, indicating some numerical data for point (2), indicating how few exceptions for each pair $(p,q)$ exist \par 8. Beyond two prime factors (5 pages) \par -- specifically point (3) of the new results \par References (27 items)

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