On simply normal numbers to different bases

DOI10.1007/S00208-015-1209-9MaRDI QIDQ2634869zbMATH OpenOpenAlexWikidataFDO

Authors Verónica Becher, Yann Bugeaud, Theodore A. Slaman

Publication date 10 February 2016

Published in Mathematische Annalen (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1311.0332, http://hdl.handle.net/11336/60110

digital expansion Hausdorff dimension normal numbers simple normality

Radix representation; digital problems (11A63) Normal numbers, radix expansions, Pisot numbers, Salem numbers, good lattice points, etc. (11K16)

Abstract: Let s be an integer greater than or equal to 2. A real number is simply normal to base s if in its base-s expansion every digit 0, 1, ..., s-1 occurs with the same frequency 1/s. Let X be the set of positive integers that are not perfect powers, hence X is the set {2,3, 5,6,7,10,11,...} . Let M be a function from X to sets of positive integers such that, for each s in X, if m is in M(s) then each divisor of m is in M(s) and if M(s) is infinite then it is equal to the set of all positive integers. These conditions on M are necessary for there to be a real number which is simply normal to exactly the bases s^m such that s is in X and m is in M(s). We show these conditions are also sufficient and further establish that the set of real numbers that satisfy them has full Hausdorff dimension. This extends a result of W. M. Schmidt (1961/1962) on normal numbers to different bases.

Review text

The authors vastly extend a result of \textit{W. M. Schmidt} [Acta Arith. 7, 299--309 (1962; Zbl 0105.26702)] to characterize simple normality of real numbers to different bases. Their main result is as follows: Let \(M\) be a function from \(\mathcal{S}=\{2,3,5,6,7,10,\ldots\}\), the set of integers that are not perfect powers, to sets of positive integers having that property that either \(M(s)\) is closed under taking divisors (when \(M(s)\) is finite) or \(M(s)\) is the set of positive integers (when \(M(s)\) is infinite), for all \(s\) in \(\mathcal{S}\). It is known that the condition on \(M\) is necessary in order to guarantee the existence of a real number which is simply normal to exactly the bases \(s^m\) with \(s\) in \(\mathcal{S}\) and \(m\) in \(M(s)\). In the present paper, the authors show the important result that theses conditions are also sufficient. Moreover, they show that the set of real numbers that satisfy these conditions has full Hausdorff dimension. The proof involves analytic (e.g., exponential sums on Cantor sets) and combinatorial tools (e.g., modular arithmetic), as well as lower and upper bounds on simple discrepancy of Cantor sets.

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