Twisted difference operators and perturbed Chebyshev polynomials

The Chebyshev polynomials \(T_{\nu}\) satisfy the recurrence equation \(T_{\nu +2}(x)-2xT_{\nu +1}(x)+T_{\nu}(x)=0;\) (see the paper for more details of explanations). It is expected that a perturbation of these polynomials will satisfy the approximate equation \((1)\quad p_{\nu +2}(x)-2xp_{\nu +1}(x)+p_{\nu}(x)\approx 0.\) In fact, something like this will indeed be true for -1\(\leq x\leq 1\) for the kind of perturbations that are described in the paper. Introducing for difference operator (2) \(\Delta (t)q_{\nu}=e^{it}q_{q\nu +1}+q_{\nu}\) the left-hand side of (1) can be written as \[ \Delta (\theta)\Delta (-\theta)p_{\nu}(x)=e^{i\theta}(e^{-i\theta}p_{\nu +2}(x)-p_{\nu +1}(x))-(e^{-i\theta}p_{\nu +1}(x)-p_{\nu}(x)), \] where \(\theta =\arccos x\) (-1\(\leq x\leq 1)\). Taking into account the kind of approximate equation that is considered in (1), we thus obtain the difference equation \[ (3)\quad \Delta (\theta)\Delta (- \theta)p_{\nu}(x)=\rho_{\nu}\Delta (- \theta)p_{\nu}(x)+\sigma_{\nu}p_{\nu}(k), \] where (4) \(\sum^{\infty}_{\nu =1}\rho_{\nu}<\infty\), \(\sum^{\infty}_{\nu =1}n\sigma_{\nu}<\infty\), and we are able to establish an asymptotic formula for \(p_ n\) under these conditions, which enable us to derive, e.g., the absolute continuity (in [-1,1], minus some exceptional points) of the measure \(\alpha\) with respect to which the polynomials \(p_ n\) are orthogonal. In the problem we consider in the paper the situation is somewhat different in that the operator \(\Delta\) (t) has ``step size k that may be different from 1 (see section 6), and the technical difficulties that thus arise can be overcome by considering equation (3) in a k-dimensional complex Euclidean space rather than in the complex plane.

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