Functorial transfer between relative trace formulas in rank 1

DOI10.1215/00127094-2020-0046MaRDI QIDQ2657474zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Publication date 12 March 2021

Published in Duke Mathematical Journal (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1808.09358, https://projecteuclid.org/euclid.dmj/1607418010

\(L\)-functions beyond endoscopy Langlands functoriality periods relative trace formula

Representation-theoretic methods; automorphic representations over local and global fields (11F70) Representations of Lie and linear algebraic groups over local fields (22E50)

Abstract: According to the Langlands functoriality conjecture, broadened to the setting of spherical varieties (of which reductive groups are special cases), a map between L-groups of spherical varieties should give rise to a functorial transfer of their local and automorphic spectra. The "Beyond Endoscopy" proposal predicts that this transfer will be realized as a comparison between the (relative) trace formulas of these spaces. In this paper we establish the local transfer for the identity map between L-groups, for spherical affine homogeneous spaces X=HG whose dual group is SL(2) or PGL(2) (with G and H split). More precisely, we construct a transfer operator between orbital integrals for the (X x X)/G-relative trace formula, and orbital integrals for the Kuznetsov formula of PGL(2) or SL(2). Besides the L-group, another invariant attached to X is a certain L-value, and the space of test measures for the Kuznetsov formula is enlarged, to accommodate the given L-value. The fundamental lemma for this transfer operator is proven in a forthcoming paper of Johnstone and Krishna. The transfer operator is given explicitly in terms of Fourier convolutions, making it suitable for a global comparison of trace formulas by the Poisson summation formula, hence for a uniform proof, in rank one, of the relations between periods of automorphic forms and special values of L-functions.

Review text

Let \(X,Y\) be spherical varieties and assume \({^LX},{^LY}\) are their dual groups as in [the author and \textit{A. Venkatesh}, Periods and harmonic analysis on spherical varieties. Paris: Société Mathématique de France (SMF) (2017; Zbl 1479.22016)]. The Langlands functoriality conjecture, generalized for spherical varieties, predicts that any morphism \(^LY\rightarrow {^LX}\) of the dual groups should lead to a functorial transfer of automorphic spectra or a comparison of relative trace formulas of these spherical varieties. In the paper under review, the author considers the situation when \(X\) is a spherical \(G\)-variety of the form \(H\setminus G\) and of rank \(1\) such that the dual group is \(\mathrm{SL}_2\) or \(\mathrm{PGL}_2\) (see Table 1 of the paper for a detailed list of all the \(X\)'s that are covered in this paper) and \(Y\) is the Whittaker model \(N_{\psi}\setminus G^{*}\), where \(G^*=\mathrm{PGL}_2\) or \(\mathrm{SL}_2\), \(N\) is the upper triangular unipotent subgroup and \(\psi\) is a non-trivial character of \(N\). \par With a potential application for global comparisons, the main result of this paper is a local transfer operator \(\mathcal{T}\) which induces a linear isomorphism \[ \mathcal{T}:\mathcal{S}_{L_X}^{-}(N_{\psi}\setminus G^*/N_{\psi})\stackrel{\sim}{\rightarrow} \mathcal{S}(X\times X/G) \] between some suitably defined spaces of test measures that are needed for the trace formulas of \(Y\) and \(X\). Let \(F\) be a local field (Archimedean or non-Archimedean). Then the space \(\mathcal{S}(X\times X/G)\) is the pushforward of the Schwartz measures on the \(F\)-points of \(X\times X\) along the invariant-theoretic quotient map \(X\times X\rightarrow (X\times X)/\!\!/G\) and \(\mathcal{S}_{L_X}^{-}(N_{\psi}\setminus G^*/N_{\psi})\) is an enlarged space containing \(\mathcal{S}(N_{\psi}\setminus G^*/N_{\psi})\) associated to some \(L\)-value \(L_X\) associated to \(X\). The transfer operator \(\mathcal{T}\) is defined with the help of certain Fourier transforms. Such local matching of the ``beyond endoscopy style, even with some global applications, was already established in special cases, see for example the author's papers [in: Automorphic representations and \(L\)-functions. Proceedings of the international colloquium, Mumbai, India, January 3--11, 2012. New Delhi: Hindustan Book Agency; Mumbai: Tata Institute of Fundamental Research. 521--590 (2013; Zbl 1315.11038)] and [J. Inst. Math. Jussieu 18, No. 2, 347--447 (2019; Zbl 1460.11075)]. One highlight of this paper is that it can treat these rank \(1\) spherical varieties uniformly.\par The proof of the main result relies on the study of the geometry of the map \(X\times X\rightarrow (X\times X)/\!\!/G\). Using results of Knop, the author gets a resolution of \(X\times X\) which is closely related to the space \(T^*X\times_{\mathfrak{g}^*}T^*X\) where \(T^*X\rightarrow \mathfrak{g}^*\) is the moment map. Then there is an isomorphism \((X\times X)/\!\!/G\simeq \mathbb{A}^1\) and the author can give some explicit description of the space \(\mathcal{S}(X\times X/G)\) (Theorem 1.4.1).

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