Nested varieties of K3 type

DOI10.5802/JEP.156MaRDI QIDQ2660432zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Marcello Bernardara, Enrico Fatighenti, Laurent Manivel

Publication date 30 March 2021

Published in Journal de l’École polytechnique — Mathématiques (Search for Journal in Brave)

Copyright license Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.03144

zbMATH Keywords

\(K3\) category \(K3\) Hodge structure Calabi-Yau Hodge structures Coble cubic Fano varieties Grasmmannians

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Transcendental methods, Hodge theory (algebro-geometric aspects) (14C30) Derived categories of sheaves, dg categories, and related constructions in algebraic geometry (14F08) (n)-folds ((n>4)) (14J40) Fano varieties (14J45) Grassmannians, Schubert varieties, flag manifolds (14M15)

Abstract: Using geometrical correspondences induced by projections and two-steps flag varieties, and a generalization of Orlov's projective bundle theorem, we relate the Hodge structures and derived categories of subvarieties of different Grassmannians. We construct isomorphisms between Calabi-Yau subHodge structures of hyperplane sections of Gr(3,n) and those of other varieties arising from symplectic Grassmannian and/or congruences of lines or planes. Similar results hold conjecturally for Calabi-Yau subcategories: we describe in details the Hodge structures and give partial categorical results relating the K3 Fano hyperplane sections of Gr(3,10) to other Fano varieties such as the Peskine variety. Moreover, we show how these correspondences allow to construct crepant categorical resolutions of the Coble cubics.

Review text

Let \(X\) be a smooth, complex, projective \(n\)-dimensional Fano variety and \(j\) be a non-negative integer. The cohomology group \(H^j (X, \mathbb C) \cong H^{p,q}(X)\) (with \(j \ge k\)) is said to be of \textit{\(k\) Calabi-Yau type} if \begin{itemize} \item \(h^{(j+k)/2,(j-k)/2} (X) = 1\); \item \(h^{p,q} (X) = 0\), for all \(p + q = j\), \(p < (k + j)/2\). \end{itemize} Moreover, \(X\) is said to be of \emph{\(k\) (pure) Calabi-Yau type} (\(k\)-FCY or Fano of \(k\)-CY type for short) if there exists at least a positive integer \(j\) such that \(H^j (X, \mathbb C)\) is of \(k\) Calabi-Yau type. Similarly, \(X\) is said to be of \textit{mixed \((k_1 ,\dotsc, k_s )\) Calabi-Yau type} if the cohomology of \(X\) has different level CY structures in different weights. A \(k\)-FCY \(X\) is of \textit{strong CY-typ}e if it has only one \(k\)-Calabi-Yau structure located in the middle cohomology, and the natural map (for 2\(p = n-k\)) \[ H^{n-p} (X, \Omega^p_X ) \otimes H^1 (X, T X) \to H^{n-p+1} (X, \Omega_X^{p-1}) \] is an isomorphism. A Fano variety of \(K3\) (FK3) is nothing but a \(2\)-FCY. Fano varieties of \(K3\) type have recently been investigated because of their potential relations with hyperkähler manifolds. More generally, Fano varieties of Calabi-Yau type are endowed with special Hodge structures which can sometimes be mapped, through adequate correspondences, to auxiliary manifolds, or, more generally, used to obtain geometrical information on the variety, either of cycle-theoretical nature or on moduli spaces. In some cases these manifolds are genuine \(K3\) surfaces or Calabi-Yau manifolds. However, in most cases there is no actual Calabi-Yau manifold, but rather a noncommutative version, and the Hodge structures and correspondences underlie special subcategories of derived categories. A typical example is that of cubic fourfolds and their Kuznetsov categories [\textit{A. Kuznetsov}, Prog. Math. 282, 219--243 (2010; Zbl 1202.14012)] and [\textit{N. Addington} and \textit{R. Thomas}, Duke Math. J. 163, No. 10, 1885--1927 (2014; Zbl 1309.14014)], which are subcategories of \(K3\) type in their derived categories (conjectured to be of geometric origin only for rational cubics). In this case the special Hodge structure of the cubic fourfold can be transferred to its variety of lines on which it gives rise to a genuine symplectic structure [\textit{A. Beauville} and \textit{R. Donagi}, C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, Sér. I 301, 703--706 (1985; Zbl 0602.14041)]. Similar phenomena can be observed for the Debarre-Voisin fourfolds, whose symplectic structures are induced from special Hodge structures on certain hyperplane sections of Grassmannians [\textit{O. Debarre} and \textit{C. Voisin}, J. Reine Angew. Math. 649, 63--87 (2010; Zbl 1217.14028)]. Other examples include hyperplane sections of symplectic Grassmannians [\textit{E. Fatighenti} and \textit{G. Mongardi}, Int. Math. Res. Not. 2021, No. 4, 3097--3142 (2021; Zbl 1487.14088)]. In this paper, the authors study and relate Calabi-Yau subHodge structures of Fano subvarieties of different Grassmannians. In particular, they construct isomorphisms between Calabi-Yau subHodge structures of hyperplane sections of the Grassmannian of \(3\)-planes of a vector space of dimension \(n\), \(\textrm{Gr}\,(3, n)\), and those of other varieties arising from symplectic Grassmannians and congruences of lines or planes. We recall that a \textit{congruence of \((k-1)\)-planes} is a subvariety of \(\textrm{Gr}(k,n)\) of dimension \(n-k\). They describe in details the case of the hyperplane sections of \(\textrm{Gr}\,(3, 10)\), which are Fano varieties of \(K3\) type whose \(K3\) Hodge structures are isomorphic with those of other Fano varieties such as the \textit{Peskine variety}, see Example 4.15 of [\textit{P. De Poi} et al., Ann. Inst. Fourier 67, No. 5, 2099--2165 (2017; Zbl 1407.14046)]. More precisely, they prove (See Theorem 21 for a more detailed statement): For \(Y \subset \textrm{Gr}\,(3, 10)\) a very general hyperplane section, let \(K\) denote the Hodge substructure of \(H^{20} (Y, \mathbb C)\) given by the vanishing cohomology. Then three copies of \(K\) are contained in the cohomology of the associated congruence of lines \(T \subset \textrm{Gr}\,(2, 10)\) (resp. of the associated Peskine variety \(P \subset \mathbb P^9\)). These isomorphisms are obtained via the study of geometrical correspondences between different Grassmannians, such as projections and jumps via two-step flags. They also show how these correspondences allow to construct crepant categorical resolutions of the Coble cubics. More precisely, they prove (see Theorem 49 for a more precise statement): Coble cubics admit weakly crepant categorical resolutions of singularities. Finally, they prove a generalization of Orlov's formula on semiorthogonal decompositions for blow-ups, which provides conjectural categorical counterparts of our Hodge-theoretical results.

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