Strongly surjective maps from certain two-complexes with trivial top-cohomology onto the projective plane

Authors Marcio Colombo Fenille, Daciberg Lima Gonçalves

Publication date 15 April 2021

Published in The New York Journal of Mathematics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.08243, http://nyjm.albany.edu/j/2021/27-24.html

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cohomology with local coecients homotopy classes projective plane strong surjections topological root theory two-dimensional complexes

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Fixed points and coincidences in algebraic topology (55M20) Homology with local coefficients, equivariant cohomology (55N25)

Abstract: For the model two-complex

K

of the group presentation

m a t h c a l P = l a n g l e x, y, |, x^{k + 1} y x y a n g l e

, with

k g e q 1

odd, we describe representatives for all free and based homotopy classes of maps from

K

into the real projective plane and we classify the homotopy classes containing only surjective maps. With this approach we get an answer, for maps into the real projective plane, for a classical question in topological root theory, which is known so far, in dimension two, only for maps into the sphere, the torus and the Klein bottle. The answer follows by proving that for all

k g e q 1

odd,

H^{2} (K; m a t h b b Z) = 0

and, for

k g e q 3

odd, there exist maps from

K

into the real projective plane which are strongly surjective. For

k = 1

, there is no such a strongly surjective map. 55N25, 57M20.

Review text

The Hopf-Whitney Classification Theorem asserts that the set of homotopy classes of maps from an \(n\)-dimensional CW-complex \(X\) into an \((n-1)\)-connected \(n\)-simple space \(Y\) is in one-to-one correspondence with the cohomology group \(H^n (X; \pi_n (Y))\). In particular, there exists a map from a connected \(n\)-dimensional CW-complex \(X\) onto the \(n\)-sphere \(S^n\) whose free homotopy class contains only surjective maps if and only if \(H^n(X;\mathbb{Z}) \neq 0\). Such a map is said to be a \textit{strong surjection}. In [Fundam. Math. 192, No. 3, 195--214 (2006; Zbl 1111.55001); Cent. Eur. J. Math. 6, No. 4, 497--503 (2008; Zbl 1153.55002)], \textit{C. Aniz} investigated the strong connectivity of maps of some \(3\)-dimensional complex into \(3\)-dimensional manifolds such as the product \(S^1 \times S^2\), the \(S^1\)-bundle over \(S^2\) and the orbit space of \(S^3\) with respect to the action of the quaternion group. In [Topology Appl. 210, 63--69 (2016; Zbl 1351.55003)], \textit{M. C. Fenille} constructed a countable collection of connected \(2\)-dimensional finite CW-complexes with trivial second integral cohomology group, and a map from each of them onto the torus whose homotopy class contains only strong surjections. Let \(K\) be a connected \(2\)-dimensional finite CW-complex of the group presentation \(\mathcal{P} = \langle x,y \mid x^{k+1}yxy \rangle\) with \(k \geq 1\) odd, and let \(\mathbb{R}P^2\) be the real projective space in dimension \(2\). Let \([K, \mathbb{R}P^2]\) (resp. \([K, \mathbb{R}P^2]^*\)) be the set of free (resp. based) homotopy classes of maps (resp. based maps) \(K \rightarrow \mathbb{R}P^2\). In this paper under review, the authors show that (1) if \(k=1\), then \([K, \mathbb{R}P^2] \approx [K, \mathbb{R}P^2]^* \approx \{1\} \sqcup \{\bar 0\}\) and there does not exist a strong surjection from \(K\) onto the real projective space \(\mathbb{R}P^2\); and (2) if \(k = 2p-1 \geq 3\), then \([K, \mathbb{R}P^2]^* \approx \{1\} \sqcup \mathbb{Z}_k\) and \([K, \mathbb{R}P^2] \approx \{1\} \sqcup \mathbb{Z}_p\), and the free homotopy class corresponding to \(1\) contains a non-surjective map and the remaining \(p-1\) classes contain only strong surjections. Here, \(1\) and \(0\) is originated from Hom\((\pi_1 (K), \mathbb{Z}_2 ) = \{1, \beta\}\) in which \(1\) is the trivial homomorphism and \(\beta : \pi_1 (K) \rightarrow \mathrm{Aut}(\mathbb{Z})\) is the homomorphism given by \(\beta(\bar x) = 1\) and \(\beta(\bar y) = -1\), where \(\bar x\) and \(\bar y\) are two generators of \(\pi_1 (K) = F(x,y)/N(x^{k+1}yxy)\) presented by \(\mathcal{P}\).

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