Primary frequency regulation in power grids with on-off loads: chattering, limit cycles and convergence to optimality

DOI10.1016/J.AUTOMATICA.2021.109736MaRDI QIDQ2665374zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Andreas Kasis, Nima Monshizadeh, Ioannis Lestas

Publication date 19 November 2021

Published in Automatica (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.08077

zbMATH Keywords

frequency controlhybrid systemsnetwork analysisoptimal power allocationpower systems

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Large-scale systems (93A15) Networked control (93B70) Frequency-response methods in control theory (93C80)

Abstract: Load side participation can provide valuable support to the power network in case of urgencies. On many occasions, loads are naturally represented by on and off states. However, the use of on-off loads for frequency control can lead to chattering and undesirable limit cycle behavior, which are issues that need to be resolved for such loads to be used for network support. This paper considers the problem of primary frequency regulation with ancillary service from on-off loads in power networks and establishes conditions that lead to convergence guarantees and an appropriate power allocation within the network. In particular, in order to assist existing frequency control mechanisms, we consider loads that switch when prescribed frequency thresholds are exceeded. Such control policies are prone to chattering, which limits their practicality. To resolve this issue, we consider loads that follow a decentralized hysteretic on-off policy, and show that chattering is not observed within such a setting. Hysteretic loads may exhibit, however, limit cycle behavior, which is undesirable. To address this, we propose an adapted hysteretic control scheme for which we provide convergence guarantees. Furthermore, we consider a mixed-integer optimization problem for power allocation and propose a suitable design of the control policy such that the cost incurred at equilibrium is within $epsilon$ from the optimal cost, providing a non conservative value for $epsilon$. The practicality of our analytic results is demonstrated with numerical simulations on the Northeast Power Coordinating Council (NPCC) 140-bus system.

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Cited in

(1)

• A stability analysis of thermostatically controlled loads for power system frequency control

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