On the analytic invariants and semiroots of plane branches

Abstract: The value semigroup of a

k

-semiroot

C_{k}

of a plane branch

C

allow us to recover part of the value semigroup

G a m m a = l a n g l e v_{0}, l d o t s, v_{g} a n g l e

of

C

, that is, it is related to topological invariants of

C

. In this paper we consider the set of values of differentials

L a m b d a_{k}

of

C_{k}

, that is an analytical invariant, and we show how it determine part of the set of values of differentials

L a m b d a

of

C

. As a consequence, in a fixed topological class, we relate the Tjurina number

a u

of

C

with the Tjurina number of

C_{k}

. In particular, we show that

a u l e q m u - f r a c 3 n_{g} - 2 4 m u_{g - 1}

where

n_{g} = g c d (v_{0}, l d o t s, v_{g - 1})

,

m u

and

m u_{g - 1}

denote the Milnor number of

C

and

C_{g - 1}

respectively. If

n_{g} = 2

, we have that

a u = m u - m u_{g - 1}

for any curve in the topological class determined by

G a m m a

that is a generalization of a result obtained by Luengo and Pfister.

Review text

Let \(\mathbb C\{x,y\}\) be the ring of analytic power series, \(\mathcal M\) its maximal ideal. For irreducible \(f\in\mathcal M^n\setminus\mathcal M^{n+1}\), \(n>1\), let \(C_f\subset (\mathbb C^2,0)\) be the singular irreducible plane curve -- a plane branch -- defined by \(f=0\), and \(\mathcal O_f:=\mathbb C\{x,y\}/<f>\) its local ring. Let \(\Gamma_f\) be the value semigroup of \(f\) and \(\mu_f\) be the conductor of \(\Gamma_f\); \(\Gamma_f\) characterizes the topological class of \(C_f\). Every plane branch is analytically equivalent to a branch defined by a Weierstrass polynomial \(f\in \mathbb C\{x\}[y]\). Let \(f_k\in\mathbb C\{x\}[y]\), \(k\in\{0,\ldots, g-1\}\), be the semiroots of \(f\), a set of \(g\) irreducible polynomials. For this notion, [\textit{S. S. Abhyankar}, Adv. Math. 74, No. 2, 190--257 (1989; Zbl 0683.14001)], and [\textit{P. Popescu-Pampu}, ``Approximate roots, in: Valuation theory and its applications. II. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society (AMS). 285--321 (2003)]. The \textit{topological} data of \(C_f\) are related with the corresponding data of the branch \(C_k\) associated to \(f_k\). In the paper under review, the authors study relations among the \textit{analytical} invariants of \(C_f\): the set \(\Lambda_f\) of values of differentials -- see below -- and the Tjurina number \(\tau_f\) and the corresponding data \(\lambda _k:=\Lambda_{ f_k}\) and \(\tau_k:=\tau_{f_k}\) associated to \(C_k\). In section 2 the authors collect some classical results about plane branches. In section 3 the authors consider differential forms on \(C_f\). The Kähler differential module of \(C_f\) is the \(\mathcal O_f\)-module \(\Omega_f:=\Omega_{\mathcal O_f/\mathbb C}\); the authors define an \(\mathcal O_f\)-homomorphism \(\Upsilon\colon \Omega_f\to \mathbb C\{t\}\). They introduce two analytic invariants: 1.\ the torsion module \(\mathcal T_f\) of \(\Omega_f\), which is the kernel of \(\Upsilon\), and 2. \(\Lambda_f:=\{\nu_f(\omega):=\text{ord}_t(\Upsilon(\omega))\mid \overline 0\neq\overline\omega\in \Omega_f/\mathcal T_f\}\). For another description of \(\Lambda_f\) [\textit{D. Pol}, Ann. Inst. Fourier 68, No. 2, 725--766 (2018; Zbl 1405.14073)]. In Th.\ 3.8 the authors show that \(\Delta_f\) and \(\nu_f(J(f):f)\), \(J(f)\) the Jacobian of \(f\), are mutually determined. In section 4 the authors introduce more analytical invariants and relate them to \(C_k\) and \(C_f\). In section 5 the authors study branches with a particular semigroup.

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