On metric spaces with non-equivalent Hewitt and Samuel realcompactifications

DOI10.1007/S13398-022-01384-5MaRDI QIDQ2681733zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Heikki J. K. Junnila, Ana Soledad Meroño

Publication date 6 February 2023

Published in Revista de la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Serie A: Matemáticas. RACSAM (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://doi.org/10.1007/s13398-022-01384-5

zbMATH Keywords

Cauchy \(z_u\)-filter countably centered filter Hewitt realcompactification measurable cardinal realcompactification Samuel realcompactification uniform space uniformly zero-dimensional space

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Extensions of spaces (compactifications, supercompactifications, completions, etc.) (54D35) Realcompactness and realcompactification (54D60) Uniform structures and generalizations (54E15) Complete metric spaces (54E50)

Review text

The main goal of the article is to show in \(ZFC\) that if there exist measurable cardinals, then there exists a Bourbaki-complete metric space whose Hewitt and Samuel realcompactifications are not equivalent. Every metric space \((X,d)\) is considered also as the uniform space \((X, \mu_d)\) where \(\mu_d\) is the uniformity on \(X\) induced by the metric \(d\). Samuel realcompactifications of metric spaces were introduced and investigated in [\textit{M. I. Garrido} and \textit{A. S. Meroño}, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 456, No. 2, 1013--1039 (2017; Zbl 1390.54027)], but the first deeper study of Samuel realcompactifications of uniform spaces is given in [\textit{M. I. Garrido} and \textit{A. S. Meroño}, Topology Appl. 241, 150--161 (2018; Zbl 1395.54022)]. Bourbaki-complete uniform spaces were introduced in [\textit{M. I. Garrido} and \textit{A. S. Meroño}, Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn., Math. 39, No. 2, 733--758 (2014; Zbl 1303.54010)]. The authors notice that the hedgehog space with \(\omega\)-many spines, equipped with its standard metric, is a simple example of a complete, realcompact but not Samuel realcompact space. If measurable cardinals do not exist, then, for every Bourbaki-complete uniform space \((X,\mu)\), the Samuel and the Hewitt realcompactifications of \((X, \mu)\) are equivalent. A filter(base) \(\mathcal{F}\) of a uniform space \((X, \mu)\) is called a \(z_u\)-filter(base) if, for every \(A\in\mathcal{F}\), there exists uniformly continuous function \(f:X\to \mathbb{R}\) such that \(f^{-1}(0)\in\mathcal{F}\) and \(f^{-1}(0)\subseteq A\). A filter(base) of a uniform space \((X, \mu)\) is called a Cauchy filter(base) if every uniform cover of \(X\) has a member which contains a member of \(\mathcal{F}\). For a uniformity \(\mu\) on \(X\), \(e\mu\) denotes the uniformity on \(X\) induced by all countable \(\mu\)-uniform covers of \(X\). To achieve the main goal, the authors prove a useful theorem asserting that the Wallman and the Samuel realcompactifications of a uniform space \((X, \mu )\) are equivalent if and only if every Cauchy \(z_u\)-filterbase of the uniform space \((X, wU_{\mu}(X))\) is countably centered where \(w(U_{\mu}(X))\) is the weak uniformity induced by the family \(U_{\mu}(X)\) of all uniformly continuous real functions on \(X\). In consequence, if \((X,d)\) is a metric space whose Hewitt and Samuel realcompactifications are equivalent, then every Cauchy \(z_u\)-filterbase of \((X, e\mu_d)\) is countably centered. Given an infinite set \(D\) of cardinality \(\mathfrak{m}\), the authors consider the Baire metric space \((D^{\mathbb{N}}, \rho)\) of weight \(\mathfrak{m}\) and the uniformity \(\pi\) on \(D^{\mathbb{N}}\) induced by \(\rho\). Then \(\pi\) is the product uniformity of the product \((D, \mathrm{u})^{\mathbb{N}}\) where \(\mathrm{u}\) is the uniformity induced by the discrete metric on \(D\). Since \(\rho\) is a complete ultrametric, the uniform space \((D^{\mathbb{N}}, \pi)\) is uniformly zero-dimensional, so also Bourbaki-complete. The authors prove that if \(\mathfrak{m}\) is Ulam measurable, then \((D^{\mathbb{N}}, e\pi)\) has a Cauchy, not countably centered filterbase consisting of closed sets and, therefore, the Hewitt and the Samuel realcompactifications of \((D^{\mathbb{N}}, \pi)\) are not equivalent.

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