Schrödinger operators with potentials generated by hyperbolic transformations. I: Positivity of the Lyapunov exponent

General spectral theory of ordinary differential operators (34L05) Particular ordinary differential operators (Dirac, one-dimensional Schrödinger, etc.) (34L40) Symbolic dynamics (37B10) Nonuniformly hyperbolic systems (Lyapunov exponents, Pesin theory, etc.) (37D25) Thermodynamic formalism, variational principles, equilibrium states for dynamical systems (37D35) Discrete version of topics in analysis (39A12) Difference operators (39A70)

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The authors are interested in the Anderson localization phenomenon and write the present manuscript as part of a series of papers. Here they consider the one-dimensional discrete Schrödinger operators \(H_\omega\) in \(\ell^2 (\mathbb{Z} )\), given explicitly by \(H_\omega (n) = \psi(n+1) + \psi(n-1) + V_\omega(n) \psi(n)\). The potentials \(V_\omega: \mathbb{Z} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}\) are defined by \(V_\omega (n) = f (T^n \omega)\) for \(\omega \in \Omega\) and \(n \in \mathbb{Z}\). It is assumed that \(\Omega\) is a compact metric space, \(T: \Omega \rightarrow \Omega\) is a homeomorphism, and \(f: \Omega \rightarrow \mathbb{R}\) is continuous. A generalization that incorporates most of the systems of interest to the authors is the following: \((\Omega, T)\) is taken to be a subshift of finite type with a \(T\)-ergodic measure \(\mu\) entirely supported on \(\Omega\). They also assume that \(\mu\) allows a local product structure and that \(f:\Omega \rightarrow \mathbb{R}\) is a non-constant \(\alpha\)-Hölder continuous function for \(0 < \alpha \le 1\). The authors' special interest here is with the Lyapunov exponent of the Schrödinger cocycle of the basic operator, and in particular, the set \(\mathcal{Z}_f\) where the Lyapunov exponent is zero. Their main result is that if \(T\) has a fixed point and \(f\) is Hölder continuous and non-constant, then the set \(\mathcal{Z}_f\) is discrete.

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