On logarithmically Benford sequences

DOI10.1090/PROC/13112zbMATH Open1362.11036arXiv1507.02629OpenAlexW2963706776MaRDI QIDQ2821722FDOQ2821722

Authors: Evan Chen, Peter S. Park, Ashvin A. Swaminathan 

Publication date: 23 September 2016

Published in: Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society (Search for Journal in Brave)

Abstract: Let $mathcalIsubsetmathbbN$ be an infinite subset, and let ${a_i}_{iinmathcalI}$ be a sequence of nonzero real numbers indexed by $mathcalI$ such that there exist positive constants $m,C_1$ for which $|a_i|leq{C}_{1}cdot{i}^m$ for all $iinmathcalI$. Furthermore, let $c_{i}in[-1,1]$ be defined by $c_i=frac{a}_i{C}_{1}cdot{i}^m$ for each $iinmathcalI$, and suppose the $c_i$'s are equidistributed in $[-1,1]$ with respect to a continuous, symmetric probability measure $mu$. In this paper, we show that if $mathcalIsubsetmathbbN$ is not too sparse, then the sequence ${a_i}_{iinmathcalI}$ fails to obey Benford's Law with respect to arithmetic density in any sufficiently large base, and in fact in any base when $mu([0,t])$ is a strictly convex function of $tin(0,1)$. Nonetheless, we also provide conditions on the density of $mathcalIsubsetmathbbN$ under which the sequence ${a_i}_{iinmathcalI}$ satisfies Benford's Law with respect to logarithmic density in every base. As an application, we apply our general result to study Benford's Law-type behavior in the leading digits of Frobenius traces of newforms of positive, even weight. Our methods of proof build on the work of Jameson, Thorner, and Ye, who studied the particular case of newforms without complex multiplication.

Full work available at URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1507.02629

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zbMATH Keywords

asymptotic densitylogarithmic densityBenford's lawnewform

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Special sequences and polynomials (11B83) Fourier coefficients of automorphic forms (11F30) General theory of distribution modulo (1) (11K06) Distribution of integers with specified multiplicative constraints (11N25) Density, gaps, topology (11B05)

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Cited In (10)

• Title not available (Why is that?)
• Title not available (Why is that?)
• \(n\)-digit Benford converges to Benford
• Necessary and sufficient conditions for Benford sequences
• Benford's law, recurrence relations, and uniformly distributed sequences. II
• Benford's law for coefficients of newforms
• Sequences with bounded logarithmic discrepancy
• A local Benford Law for a class of arithmetic sequences
• On Benford’s law for multiplicative functions
• Benford behavior and distribution in residue classes of large prime factors

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