On genera of Lefschetz fibrations and finitely presented groups
Based on some results of \textit{R. E. Gompf} [Ann. Math. (2) 142, No. 3, 527--595 (1995; Zbl 0849.53027)] and \textit{S. K. Donaldson} [Doc. Math., J. DMV , 309--314 (1998; Zbl 0909.53018)] it follows that every finitely presented group is the fundamental group of the total space of a Lefschetz fibration. Then \textit{J. Amorós} et al. [J. Differ. Geom. 54, No. 3, 489--545 (2000; Zbl 1031.57021)] and \textit{M. Korkmaz} [Int. Math. Res. Not. 2009, No. 9, 1547--1572 (2009; Zbl 1173.57013)] constructed Lefschetz fibrations whose fundamental groups are a given finitely presented group. In particular, Korkmaz [loc. cit.] provided explicitely genus and monodromy of such a Lefschetz fibration.NEWLINENEWLINELet \(F_n=\langle g_1,\dots,g_n\rangle \) be the free group of rank \(n\). For \(x\in F_n\), the \textit{syllable length} \(l(x)\) of \(x\) is defined by NEWLINE\[NEWLINEl(x)=\min \{s\mid x=g^{m(1)}_{i(1)}\dots g^{m(s)}_{i(s)}, 1\leq i(j)\leq n, m(j)\in \mathbb{Z}\}.NEWLINE\]NEWLINE For a finitely presented group \(\Gamma\) with a presentation \(\Gamma=\langle g_ 1,\dots,g_n\mid r_1,\dots,r_k\}\), Korkmaz [loc. cit.] proved that for any NEWLINE\[NEWLINE g\geq 2(n+\sum_{1\leq i\leq k}l(r_i)-k)NEWLINE\]NEWLINE there exists a genus-\(g\) Lefschetz fibration \(f:X\rightarrow S^2\) such that the fundamental group \(\pi_1(X)\) is isomorphic to \(\Gamma\), proving explicitely a monodromy.NEWLINENEWLINEIn the present paper the author proves the following theorem.NEWLINENEWLINETheorem 1.1. Let \(\Gamma\) be a finitely presented group with a presentation \(\Gamma=\langle g_1,\dots,g_n\mid r_1,\dots,r_k\rangle \), and let \(l=\max_{1\leq i\leq k}\{l(r_i)\}\). Then for any \(g\geq 2n+l-1\), there exists a genus-\(g\) Lefschetz fibration \(f:X\rightarrow S^2\) such that the fundamental group \(\pi_1(X)\) is isomorphic to \(\Gamma\). For \(k=0\) is taken \(l=1\).NEWLINENEWLINESince \(2(n+\sum_{1\leq i\leq k}l(r_i)-k)\geq 2n+l-1\), Theorem 1.1 is an improvement of Korkmaz' result.NEWLINENEWLINEIn addition, Korkmaz [loc. cit.] defined the \textit{genus} \(g(\Gamma)\) of a finitely presented group \(\Gamma\) to be the minimal genus of a Lefschetz fibration with sections whose fundamental group is isomorphic to \(\Gamma\). But the Lefschetz fibrations which are constructed in the proof of Theorem 1.1 have sections, such that the genus of a finitely presented group is always well-defined.NEWLINENEWLINEA second important theorem of the paper evaluates upper bounds for genera of some finitely presented groups.NEWLINENEWLINETheorem 1.2. (1) Let \(B_n\) denote the \(n\)-strand braid group. Then for \(n\geq 3\), we have \(2\leq g(B_n)\leq 4 \).NEWLINENEWLINE(2) Let \(\mathcal{H}_g\) be the hyperelliptic mapping class group of a closed connected orientable surface of genus \(g\geq 1\). Then we have \(2\leq g(\mathcal{H}_g)\leq 4\).NEWLINENEWLINE(3) Let \(\mathcal{M}_{0,n}\) denote the mapping class group of a sphere with \(n\) punctures. Then for \(n\geq 3\), we have \(2\leq g(\mathcal{M}_{0,n})\leq 4\).NEWLINENEWLINE(4) Let \(S_n\) denote the \(n\)-symmetric group. Then for \(n\geq 3\), we have \(2\leq g(S_n)\leq 4\).NEWLINENEWLINE(5) Let \(\mathcal{A}_n\) denote the \(n\)-Artin group associated to the Dynkin diagram shown in Fig.1. Then for \(n\geq 6\), we have \(2\leq g(\mathcal{A}_n)\leq 5\).NEWLINENEWLINE(6) Let \(n,k\geq 0\) be integers with \(n+k\geq 3\), and let \(m_1,\dots, m_k\geq 2\) be integers. Then we have \((n+k+1)/2\leq g(\mathbb{Z}^n\oplus \mathbb{Z}_{m_1}\oplus\dots\oplus \mathbb{Z}_{m_k})\leq n+k+1\).NEWLINENEWLINEThe inequalities (1) and (6) improve some results of Korkmaz [loc. cit.].
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