On almost universal mixed sums of squares and triangular numbers

DOI10.1090/S0002-9947-2010-05290-0zbMATH Open1236.11038arXiv0808.2761OpenAlexW1968457462MaRDI QIDQ3065746FDOQ3065746

Authors: Ben Kane, Zhi-Wei Sun 

Publication date: 6 January 2011

Published in: Transactions of the American Mathematical Society (Search for Journal in Brave)

Abstract: In 1997 K. Ono and K. Soundararajan [Invent. Math. 130(1997)] proved that under the generalized Riemann hypothesis any positive odd integer greater than 2719 can be represented by the famous Ramanujan form $x^2+y^2+10z^2$, equivalently the form $2x^2+5y^2+4T_z$ represents all integers greater than 1359, where $T_z$ denotes the triangular number $z(z+1)/2$. Given positive integers $a,b,c$ we employ modular forms and the theory of quadratic forms to determine completely when the general form $a{x}^2+b{y}^2+c{T}_z$ represents sufficiently large integers and establish similar results for the forms $a{x}^2+b{T}_y+c{T}_z$ and $a{T}_x+b{T}_y+c{T}_z$. Here are some consequences of our main theorems: (i) All sufficiently large odd numbers have the form $2a{x}^2+y^2+z^2$ if and only if all prime divisors of $a$ are congruent to 1 modulo 4. (ii) The form $a{x}^2+y^2+T_z$ is almost universal (i.e., it represents sufficiently large integers) if and only if each odd prime divisor of $a$ is congruent to 1 or 3 modulo 8. (iii) $a{x}^2+T_y+T_z$ is almost universal if and only if all odd prime divisors of $a$ are congruent to 1 modulo 4. (iv) When $v_2(a)ot=3$, the form $a{T}_x+T_y+T_z$ is almost universal if and only if all odd prime divisors of $a$ are congruent to 1 modulo 4 and $v_2(a)ot=5,7,\mathrm{...}$, where $v_2(a)$ is the 2-adic order of $a$.

Full work available at URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/0808.2761

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zbMATH Keywords

quadratic formssums of squaresrepresentations of integershalf-integral weight modular formstriangular numbers

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

General ternary and quaternary quadratic forms; forms of more than two variables (11E20) Analytic theory (Epstein zeta functions; relations with automorphic forms and functions) (11E45) Sums of squares and representations by other particular quadratic forms (11E25) Representation problems (11D85)

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Cited In (16)

• A characterization of almost universal ternary quadratic polynomials with odd prime power conductor
• Almost universal mixed sums of squares and polygonal numbers
• Mixed sums of squares and triangular numbers. III
• Almost universal ternary sums of squares and triangular numbers
• On the 1-3-5 conjecture and related topics
• On the almost universality of $\lfloor x^2/a\rfloor +\lfloor y^2/b\rfloor +\lfloor z^2/c\rfloor $
• On universal sums of polygonal numbers
• Almost universal ternary sums of triangular numbers
• Almost universal ternary sums of polygonal numbers
• An algebraic and analytic approach to spinor exceptional behavior in translated lattices
• Refining Lagrange's four-square theorem
• A sum of three nonzero triangular numbers
• Almost universal sums of triangular numbers with one exception
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• On two conjectures about mixed sums of squares and triangular numbers
• Near universal property of a quadratic form of Hessian discriminant 4

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