On the geometry of the cross-cap in the Minkoswki 3-space and binary differential equations

DOI10.2748/TMJ/1466172774MaRDI QIDQ312737zbMATH OpenOpenAlexWikidataFDO

Authors Fabio Scalco Dias, Farid Tari

Publication date 16 September 2016

Published in Tôhoku Mathematical Journal. Second Series (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://projecteuclid.org/euclid.tmj/1466172774

zbMATH Keywords

binary differential equationsCayley umbrellacrosscapsdiscriminant curveslightlike lineslines of principal curvatureMinkowski spacepinch-point surfaceWhitney umbrella

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Implicit ordinary differential equations, differential-algebraic equations (34A09) Minkowski geometries in nonlinear incidence geometry (51B20) Critical points of functions and mappings on manifolds (58K05)

Review text

Let \(M\) and \(N\) be smooth manifolds of dimension two and three, respectively. Similarly to the case of maps between surfaces, Whitney described the singularities of generic smooth maps \(f : M \rightarrow N\) and proved that there is a finite number of these. The image of such a map forms a surface in the Euclidean three-dimensional space. This surface may have lines where two sheets of the surface intersect each other at a nonzero angle and particular points where three sheets intersect. It turns out that apart from these obvious singularities generic maps may only have one other type of singularity which is stable. The image of the corresponding map is a remarkable surface in the Euclidean 3-space; it is often called the Whitney or Cayley umbrella, the pinch-point surface, the crosscap, etc. The differential geometry of Whitney umbrella has been investigated in many works (see, e.g. [\textit{J. W. Bruce} and \textit{J. M. West}, Math. Proc. Camb. Philos. Soc. 123, No. 1, 19--39 (1998; Zbl 1006.53005)]). In the paper under review the authors consider the vector space \(\mathbb R^3\) endowed with the metric given by the pseudo-scalar product, the so-called the Minkowski 3-space (see [\textit{B. O'Neill}, Semi-Riemannian geometry. With applications to relativity. New York-London etc.: Academic Press (1983; Zbl 0531.53051)]). Similarly to the above, the singularities of generic maps \(f : \mathbb R^2 \rightarrow \mathbb R^3_1\) are well-defined, as well as crosscaps. At the crosscap point, the tangent plane to the surface degenerates to a line called the tangential line of the crosscap. The three types of this line (spacelike, timelike, lightlike) determine the three types of crosscaps. The authors study the differential geometry of the corresponding surfaces with the use of explicit parametrisations, solutions of certain binary differential equations, discriminant curves, and so on.

Recommendations

• Functions on a crosscap
• On pairs of foliations of a parabolic cross-cap
• Apparent contours in Minkowski 3-space and first order ordinary differential equations
• Symmetries of cross caps
• Intrinsic invariants of cross caps

Cites work

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Cited in

(10)

• On the geometry of folded cuspidal edges
• On the multiplicity of umbilic points
• Projections of surfaces in \(\mathbb R^4\) to \(\mathbb R^3\) and the geometry of their singular images
• Isometric realization of cross caps as formal power series and its applications
• Functions on a crosscap
• The flat geometry of the I_1 singularity: (x,y) -> (x,xy,y^2,y^3)
• The geometry of corank 1 surfaces in \(\mathbb{R}^4\)
• Symmetries of cross caps
• Geometry on deformations of S₁ singularities
• On cylindrical directions of cross caps and cuspidal edges

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