About thermometers and temperature

DOI10.1088/1742-5468/AA933EMaRDI QIDQ3302880zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Marco Baldovin, Andrea Puglisi, Alessandro Sarracino, Angelo Vulpiani

Publication date 11 August 2020

Published in Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.02349

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Transport processes in time-dependent statistical mechanics (82C70)

Abstract: We discuss a class of mechanical models of thermometers and their minimal requirements to determine the temperature for systems out of the common scope of thermometry. In particular we consider: 1) anharmonic chains with long time of thermalization, such as the Fermi-Pasta-Ulam (FPU) model; 2) systems with long-range interactions where the equivalence of ensembles does not always hold; 3) systems featuring absolute negative temperatures. We show that for all the three classes of systems a mechanical thermometer model can be designed: a temporal average of a suitable mechanical observable of the thermometer is sufficient to get an estimate of the system's temperature. Several interesting lessons are learnt from our numerical study: 1) the long thermalization times in FPU-like systems do not affect the thermometer, which is not coupled to normal modes but to a group of microscopic degrees of freedom; 2) a thermometer coupled to a long-range system measures its microcanonical temperature, even at values of the total energy where its canonical temperature would be very different; 3) a thermometer to read absolute negative temperatures must have a bounded total energy (as the system), otherwise it heavily perturbs the system changing the sign of its temperature. Our study shows that in order to work in a correct way also in "non standard" cases, the proper model of thermometer must have a special functional form, e.g. the kinetic part cannot be quadratic.

Recommendations

• On the definition of temperature in FPU systems
• Statistical mechanics of systems with negative temperature
• Statistical Mechanics of Hamiltonian Systems with Bounded Kinetic Terms
• A consistent description of fluctuations requires negative temperatures
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Cites work

• scientific article; zbMATH DE number 3057307 (Why is no real title available?)
• A consistent description of fluctuations requires negative temperatures
• A geometric, dynamical approach to thermodynamics
• Chaotic behavior in nonlinear Hamiltonian systems and equilibrium statistical mechanics.
• Ergodic properties of microcanonical observables
• Interaction of `solitons' in a collisionless plasma and the recurrence of initial states
• On the problem of energy equipartition for large systems of the Fermi- Pasta-Ulam type: Analytical and numerical estimates
• Physics of long-range interacting systems
• Time-scales to equipartition in the Fermi-Pasta-Ulam problem: finite-size effects and thermodynamic limit

Cited in

(6)

• Microcanonical entropy for classical systems
• Langevin equation in systems with also negative temperatures
• Effective equations in complex systems: from Langevin to machine learning
• Negative-temperature Fourier transport in one-dimensional systems
• Temperature as a quantum observable
• Statistical mechanics of systems with negative temperature

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