What is the entropy of the universe?

DOI10.1088/0264-9381/26/14/145005MaRDI QIDQ3393261zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Paul H. Frampton, Stephen D. H. Hsu, David Reeb, Thomas W. Kephart

Publication date 19 August 2009

Published in Classical and Quantum Gravity (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/0801.1847

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Black holes (83C57) Relativistic cosmology (83F05)

Abstract: Standard calculations suggest that the entropy of our universe is dominated by black holes, whose entropy is of order their area in Planck units, although they comprise only a tiny fraction of its total energy. Statistical entropy is the logarithm of the number of microstates consistent with the observed macroscopic properties of a system, hence a measure of uncertainty about its precise state. Therefore, assuming unitarity in black hole evaporation, the standard results suggest that the largest uncertainty in the future quantum state of the universe is due to the Hawking radiation from evaporating black holes. However, the entropy of the matter precursors to astrophysical black holes is enormously less than that given by area entropy. If unitarity relates the future radiation states to the black hole precursor states, then the standard results are highly misleading, at least for an observer that can differentiate the individual states of the Hawking radiation.

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