The fundamental crossed module of the complement of a knotted surface

DOI10.1090/S0002-9947-09-04576-0MaRDI QIDQ3394969zbMATH OpenFDO

Publication date 11 September 2009

Published in Transactions of the American Mathematical Society (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/0801.3921

crossed modules homotopy 2-types Knotted surfaces

Fundamental group, presentations, free differential calculus (57M05) Homotopy groups of wedges, joins, and simple spaces (55Q20)

Abstract: We prove that if

M

is a CW-complex and

M^{1}

is its 1-skeleton then the crossed module

P i_{2} (M, M^{1})

depends only on the homotopy type of

M

as a space, up to free products, in the category of crossed modules, with

P i_{2} (D^{2}, S^{1})

. From this it follows that, if

G

is a finite crossed module and

M

is finite, then the number of crossed module morphisms

P i_{2} (M, M^{1}) o G

can be re-scaled to a homotopy invariant

I_{G} (M)

, depending only on the homotopy 2-type of

M

. We describe an algorithm for calculating

p i_{2} (M, M^{(1)})

as a crossed module over

p i_{1} (M^{(1)})

, in the case when

M

is the complement of a knotted surface

S i g m a

in

S^{4}

and

M^{(1)}

is the handlebody made from the 0- and 1-handles of a handle decomposition of

M

. Here

S i g m a

is presented by a knot with bands. This in particular gives us a geometric method for calculating the algebraic 2-type of the complement of a knotted surface from a hyperbolic splitting of it. We prove in addition that the invariant

I_{G}

yields a non-trivial invariant of knotted surfaces in

S^{4}

with good properties with regards to explicit calculations.

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