The Compositional Structure of Multipartite Quantum Entanglement
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Publication:3587447
DOI10.1007/978-3-642-14162-1_25zbMATH Open1288.81025arXiv1002.2540OpenAlexW1925988739WikidataQ64356759 ScholiaQ64356759MaRDI QIDQ3587447FDOQ3587447
Authors: Bob Coecke, Aleks Kissinger 
Publication date: 7 September 2010
Published in: Automata, Languages and Programming (Search for Journal in Brave)
Abstract: While multipartite quantum states constitute a (if not the) key resource for quantum computations and protocols, obtaining a high-level, structural understanding of entanglement involving arbitrarily many qubits is a long-standing open problem in quantum computer science. In this paper we expose the algebraic and graphical structure of the GHZ-state and the W-state, as well as a purely graphical distinction that characterises the behaviours of these states. In turn, this structure yields a compositional graphical model for expressing general multipartite states. We identify those states, named Frobenius states, which canonically induce an algebraic structure, namely the structure of a commutative Frobenius algebra (CFA). We show that all SLOCC-maximal tripartite qubit states are locally equivalent to Frobenius states. Those that are SLOCC-equivalent to the GHZ-state induce special commutative Frobenius algebras, while those that are SLOCC-equivalent to the W-state induce what we call anti-special commutative Frobenius algebras. From the SLOCC-classification of tripartite qubit states follows a representation theorem for two dimensional CFAs. Together, a GHZ and a W Frobenius state form the primitives of a graphical calculus. This calculus is expressive enough to generate and reason about arbitrary multipartite states, which are obtained by "composing" the GHZ- and W-states, giving rise to a rich graphical paradigm for general multipartite entanglement.
Full work available at URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1002.2540
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