scientific article; zbMATH DE number 15586

Publication date 25 June 1992

automorphisms binary operation central element central rank commutative Moufang loop derived subloops distributive entropic law free objects identities mediator multiplication groups normal subloops terentropic quasigroups

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Loops, quasigroups (20N05)

Review text

[For the entire collection see Zbl 0704.00017.] A commutative Moufang loop or CML is a loop \((Q,+)\) whose binary operation satisfies the identity \((x+y)+(x+z)=(x+x)+(y+z)\). In such a loop any two elements generate an abelian group, but in general associativity is not satisfied. A quasigroup \((Q,\cdot)\) is distributive if \(a\cdot xy=ax\cdot ay\), \(xy\cdot a=xa\cdot ya\). Belousov showed that any distributive quasigroup \((Q,\cdot)\) has a binary operation of the form \(x\cdot y=f(x)+g(y)\) where \((Q,+)\) is a CML, and \(f,g\) are automorphisms of \((Q,+)\) such that for any \(x\), \(f(x)+g(x)=x\), and \(f(x)+x\) is a central element. This was recently generalized to terentropic quasigroups i.e. quasigroups \((Q,\cdot)\) such that any three elements generate a subquasigroup in which the entropic law \((xy\cdot uv=xu\cdot yv)\) is satisfied. A quasigroup \((Q,\cdot)\) is terentropic iff the identities \(a^ 2\cdot xy=ax\cdot ay\), \(xy\cdot a^ 2=xa\cdot ya\), \(aa^ 2\cdot xy=ax\cdot a^ 2y\) are obeyed. Each terentropic quasigroup is isotopic to an essentially unique CML. Conversely if \((Q,+)\) is a CML one may recover all the terentropic quasigroups isotopic to \((Q,+)\) by considering binary operations of the form \(x\cdot y=c+f(x)+g(y)\) where \(c\) is a central element of \((Q,+)\), and \(f,g\) are some commuting automorphisms of \((Q,+)\). CMLs have properties that groups in general lack. First they are locally centrally nilpotent. Second their derived subloops (namely: the smallest normal subloops by which the quotient is abelian) are locally finite. The author shows how these results from Bruck carry over to terentropic quasigroups. The simplest way to do this is to introduce two notions that proved to be useful for this and other purposes: the mediator and the central rank. The final part of the character deals with free objects and related groups. There are two main methods for attempting to describe explicitly free objects: to get information through the study of the multiplication groups and to construct concrete examples through exterior algebra. The chapter is a very good mathematical synthesis of the theory of CMLs and to them related groupoids. At the end of the book one can find a huge bibliography which contains more than 1000 titles.

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