scientific article; zbMATH DE number 3467213

In an earlier paper [ibid. 12, 317--322 (1974; Zbl. 292.10010)], the author defined \(q\)-Fibonacci and \(q\)-Lucas numbers by means of \[ F_{n+1}(q) = \sum_{2k\le n} q^{k^2} \begin{bmatrix} n-k \\ k\end{bmatrix}, \quad L_n(q) = F_{n+2}(q) - q^n F'_{n-2}(q), \] where \(F'_{n+1}(q)= \sum_{2q\le n}q^{(k+1)^2} \begin{bmatrix} n-k \\ k\end{bmatrix}\) and \[ \begin{bmatrix} n \\ k\end{bmatrix} = \frac{1-q^n) (1-q^{n-1})\cdots (1-q^{n-k+1})}{(1 - q)(1 - q^2)\cdots (1-q^k)}. \] In the present paper, the writer defines \[ \varphi_n(a) = \varphi_n(a,q) = \sum_{2k<n} \begin{bmatrix} n-k-1 \\ k\end{bmatrix} q^{k^2} a^{n-2k-1} \quad (n\ge 1). \] It follows that \(\varphi_1(a)= 1\), \(\varphi_2(a)= a\), \[ \varphi_{n+1}(a) = a \varphi_n(a) + q^{n-1} \varphi_{n-1}(a)\quad (n >1). \tag{*} \] With \(\varphi_0(a) = 0\), (*) holds for all \(n\ge 1\) Also, by means of (*), \(\varphi_n(a)\) can be defined for all integral \(n\). If \(\bar\varphi_n(a) = \bar\varphi_n(a, q) = (-1)^{n-1} \varphi_n (a)\), then \[ \bar\varphi_n(a) = q^n(a\bar\varphi_{n-1}(a) + \bar\varphi_{n-2}(a))\text{ with }\bar\varphi_0(a) =0, \bar\varphi_{n-1}(a)=q. \tag{**} \] Put \(\Phi(a,x)= \sum_{n=0}^\infty \bar\varphi_n(a)x^n\). Then \[ \Phi(a,x)= \sum_{k=0}^\infty q^{(k+1)(k+2)/2} x^{k+1}(a+qx)(a+q^2x)\cdots(a+q^kx), \] which yields \(\bar\varphi_n(a) = q^n \bar\varphi_n(q^{n/2}a)\). It follows from the definitions that \[ F_n(q) = \varphi_n(1,q),\quad F'_n = q^n \varphi_n(q^{-1},q), \] \[ q^{n^2/2} F_{n+1}(q^{-1}) = \varphi_{n+1}(q^{-n/2},q), \quad q^{(n^2+1)/2} F'_{n+1}(q^{-1}) = \varphi_n(q^{(n+1)/2},q). \] In the next place it is proved that \[ a^k \varphi_n(a) = \sum_{j=0}^k (-1)^j \begin{bmatrix} k \\ j\end{bmatrix} q^{jn-j(j+1)/2}\varphi_{n+k-2j}(a) \] \((k\ge 0\), \(n\) arbitrary). Also the representation \[ a^k= \sum_{2j\le k}(-1)^j q^j C_{k,j} \varphi_{k-2j+1}(a), \] where \(C_{k,j}\) is independent of \(a\), is is discussed. The \(C_{k,j}\) satisfy the recurrence \(C_{k+1,j} = C_{k,j} + q^{k-2j+1} C_{k,j-1}\), by means of which they are displayed for \(k\le 7\). However an explicit formula is not found. It is noted that the problem is equivalent to inverting \[ u_n = \sum_{2k\le n} \begin{bmatrix} n-k \\ k\end{bmatrix} q^{k^2}v_{n-2k}\quad (n= 0,1,2, \ldots). \] Finally a second solution \(\psi_n(a)= \psi_n(a,q)\) of (*) is constructed. This is given by \[ \psi_n(a) = \sum_{2r\le n} \begin{bmatrix} n-r \\ r\end{bmatrix} q^{r(r-1)}a^{n-2r}, \] so that \(q^{n/2}\psi_n(a) = \varphi_{n+1}(q^{1/2}a)\).

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