Components of Springer fibers for the exceptional groups G₂ and F₄
Starting from previous work of \textit{L. Barchini} and \textit{R. Zierau} on other groups [Represent. Theory 12, 403--434 (2008; Zbl 1186.22017)]; [J. Algebra 345, No. 1, 109--136 (2011; Zbl 1254.22007)], the present paper describes the structure of certain (irreducible) components of Springer fibers associated to closed \(K\)-orbits in the flag variety of an exceptional Lie group (of type) \(G_2\) or \(F_4\), where \(K\) is the fixed point subgroup of an involution of this group. Let \(G\) be a simple connected complex Lie group, let \(K\) be the fixed point group of an involution \(\Theta\) of \(G\), and let \(\mathfrak g\) be the Lie algebra of \(G\). The differential \(\theta\) of \(\Theta\) brings forth a decomposition \(\mathfrak g = \mathfrak k + \mathfrak p\), where \(\mathfrak k\) is the \(+1\)-eigenspace and \(\mathfrak p\) is the \(-1\)-eigenspace for \(\theta\). Let \(\Phi(\mathfrak h,\mathfrak g)\) (resp. \(\Phi(\mathfrak h,\mathfrak k)\)) be the root system of \(\mathfrak h\) in \(\mathfrak g\) (resp. of \(\mathfrak h\) in \(\mathfrak k\)), where \(\mathfrak h\) is a Cartan subalgebra of \(\mathfrak g\) contained in \(\mathfrak k\), and fix a positive root system \(\Phi^+(\mathfrak h,\mathfrak k)\) in \(\Phi(\mathfrak h,\mathfrak k)\). Then, for each positive root system \(\Phi^+\) such that \(\Phi^+(\mathfrak h,\mathfrak k) \subset \Phi^+ \subset \Phi(\mathfrak h,\mathfrak g)\), a Borel subalgebra \(\mathfrak b = \mathfrak h + \mathfrak n^-\) of \(\mathfrak g\) is defined by specifying that \(\mathfrak n^-\) is the sum of the root spaces for all roots in \(-\Phi^+\). If \(\mathcal O = K\!\cdot\!\mathfrak b\) is a closed orbit in the variety \(\mathcal B\) of all Borel subalgebras of \(\mathfrak{g}\) (the flag variety of \(G\)) and \(T^\star\mathcal B\) is the cotangent bundle of \(\mathcal B\), we denote by \(T^\star_{\mathcal O}\mathcal B\) the conormal bundle in \(T^\star\mathcal B\) to this orbit. The moment mapping \(\mu\) for the natural action of \(G\) on \(T^\star\mathcal B\) is given by \(\mu(g,\xi) = \text{Ad}(g)\xi\) \; \((g\in G; \xi\in\mathfrak n^-)\) and its restriction to \(T^\star_{\mathcal O}\mathcal B\) is denoted by \(\psi_{\mathcal O}\). An element \(f\) of \(\mathfrak n^-\cap\mathfrak p\) is said to be generic in \(\mathfrak n^-\cap\mathfrak p\) if \(\psi_{\mathcal O}(T^\star_{\mathcal O}\mathcal B) = \overline{K\!\cdot\!f}\); then \(\psi_{\mathcal O}^{-1}(f)\) is the Springer fiber over \(f\) associated to \(\mathcal O\) and \(K^f\) denotes the stabilizer subgroup of \(f\) in \(K\). Hereinafter, the same subscript is used to designate a peculiar positive root system \(\Phi^+\) such that \(\Phi^+(\mathfrak h,\mathfrak k) \subset \Phi^+ \subset \Phi(\mathfrak h,\mathfrak g)\) and the related \(\mathfrak n^-, \mathfrak b, \mathcal O, f, L, Z\), where \(L\) is a suitable reductive subgroup of \(K\) and \(Z\) a centralizer subgroup of \(K^f\). The author looks at the involutions \(\theta\) of the Lie algebras of \(G_2\) and \(F_4\) which define the noncompact real forms \(G^2_2\) of \(G_2\) and \(F^4_4, F^{-20}_4\) of \(F_4\). He determines the positive root systems \(\Phi^+_j \, (1\leqslant j\leqslant 3), \Phi^+_k \, (1\leqslant k\leqslant 12)\), \(\Phi^+_l \, (1\leqslant l\leqslant 3)\) associated, respectively, to \(G^2_2, F^4_4, F^{-20}_4\) and relative generic elements \(f_j\) in \(\mathfrak n^-_j\cap\mathfrak p\), \(f_k\) in \(\mathfrak n^-_k\cap\mathfrak p\), \(f_l\) in \(\mathfrak n^-_l\cap\mathfrak p\); then he shows that {\parindent=1cm \begin{itemize}\item[(1)] \(\psi^{-1}_{\mathcal O_j}(f_j)\) is isomorphic to \(L_j\!\cdot\!\mathfrak b_j\); \item[(2)] when \(k \neq 3,4,11\), \(\psi^{-1}_{\mathcal O_k}(f_k)\) is isomorphic to \(L_k\!\cdot\!\mathfrak b_k\) while, if \(k = 3,4,11, \,\psi^{-1}_{\mathcal O_3}(f_3), \, \psi^{-1}_{\mathcal O_4}(f_4), \, \psi^{-1}_{\mathcal O_{11}}(f_{11})\) are, respectively, isomorphic to \(Z_3L_3\!\cdot\!\mathfrak b_3, \,\mathbb{Z}_2L_4\!\cdot\!\mathfrak b_4, \,\overline{Z_{11}L_{11}\!\cdot\!\mathfrak b_{11}}\); \item[(3)] \(\psi^{-1}_{\mathcal O_l}(f_l)\) for \(l = 1, 2, 3\) is, respectively, isomorphic to \(L_1\!\cdot\!\mathfrak b_1, \, \overline{K^{f_2}L_2\!\cdot\!\mathfrak b_2}, K^{f_3}L_3\!\cdot\!\mathfrak b_3\). \end{itemize}} The paper ends with an application of the previous results to find out some multiplicity polynomials for discrete series representations of the considered three real forms of \(G_2\) and \(F_4\).
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