Semiclassical techniques, including WKB and Maslov methods applied to problems in quantum theory (81Q20) Quantization of the gravitational field (83C45) Methods of quantum field theory in general relativity and gravitational theory (83C47) Black holes (83C57) (S)-matrix theory, etc. in quantum theory (81U20)
Abstract: We motivate through a detailed analysis of the Hawking radiation in a Schwarzschild background a scheme in accordance with quantum unitarity. In this scheme the semi-classical approximation of the unitary quantum - horizonless - black hole S-matrix leads to the conventional description of the Hawking radiation from a classical black hole endowed with an event horizon. Unitarity is borne out by the detailed exclusive S-matrix amplitudes. There, the fixing of generic out-states, in addition to the in-state, yields in asymptotic Minkowski space-time saddle-point contributions which are dominated by Planckian metric fluctuations when approaching the Schwarzschild radius. We argue that these prevent the corresponding macroscopic "exclusive backgrounds" to develop an event horizon. However, if no out-state is selected, a distinct saddle-point geometry can be defined, in which Planckian fluctuations are tamed. Such "inclusive background" presents an event horizon and constitutes a coarse-grained average over the aforementioned exclusive ones. The classical event horizon appears as a coarse-grained structure, sustaining the thermodynamic significance of the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy. This is reminiscent of the tentative fuzzball description of extremal black holes: the role of microstates is played here by a complete set of out-states. Although the computations of unitary amplitudes would require a detailed theory of quantum gravity, the proposed scheme itself, which appeals to the metric description of gravity only in the vicinity of stationary points, does not.
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(14)- Schwarzschild fuzzball and explicitly unitary Hawking radiation
- Unitary S matrices with long-range correlations and the quantum black hole
- Nonviolent unitarization: basic postulates to soft quantum structure of black holes
- On the pattern of black hole information release
- Hawking Radiation and Unitary Evolution
- Unitarity excess in Schwartzschild metric
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- Correlations in Hawking radiation and the infall problem
- Hawking radiation, the Stefan-Boltzmann law, and unitarization
- On long time unitarity restoring processes in the presence of eternal black holes
- Black hole unitarity and antipodal entanglement
- Hidden Degeneracy in the Brick Wall Model of Black Holes
- Origin of the blackhole information paradox
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