scientific article; zbMATH DE number 3523697

The first sections of this paper deal with polynomial relations involving the Rudin-Shapiro polynomials \(P_n(x)\), \(Q_n(x)\) and the new polynomials \(A_n(x)\), \(B_n(x)\) defined for \(n\geq 1\) by the formulas: \[ A_n(x) = P_{n-1}(x) + x^{2^{n-1}}Q_{n-1}(-x),\quad B (x) = -xP_{n-1}(-x) +x^{2^{n-1}+1}Q_{n-1}(x). \] Among the many relations developed in these sections are the following: \[ \begin{multlined} P_{s-1}(-x^{2^{n+1}}) P_{n+2s}(x) P_{2s-1}(-x^{2^{n+1}})P_{n+s}(x) + \\ (-2)^s x^{2^{n+1}(2^{s-1})} P_{s-1}(-x^{2^{n+1+s}}) P_n(x)=0, \quad n\geq 0,\;s\geq 1, \end{multlined}\tag{1} \] and the special case \[ P_{n+2}(x) = (1 - x^{2^{n+1}})P_{n+1}(x) + 2x^{2^{n+1}}P_n (x),\quad n\geq 0, \] which shows the \(P_n(x)\) can be defined without using \(Q_n(x)\); \[ P_n(x) P_n(1/x)+Q_n(x)Q_n(1/x) = 2^{n+1},\quad n\geq 0, \tag{2} \] which is a transcendental generalization of the familiar identity \[ | P_n(e^{i\theta})|^2 + | Q_n(e^{i\theta})|^2 = 2^{n+1},\;n\geq 0; \] \[ A_n(x) = (-1)^nx^{2^n-1}A_n(1/x),\quad n\geq 1;\tag{3} \] \[ 2A_n(x^2) = (1+x^{2^n-1}) A_n(x) + (1-x^{2^n-1})A_n(-x), \quad n\geq 1.\tag{4} \] In the following section it is shown that \(P_n(x)\), \(Q_n(x)\), \(A_n(x)\), and \(B_n(x)\) never vanish at a root of unity, with a few early exceptions. In the remainder of the paper simple recurrences are obtained for the four polynomials, evaluated at a root of unity, from the more complicated polynomial identities at the beginning of the paper by replacing \(x\) by \(\omega\), an \(r\)-th root of unity, \(r > 1\) an odd integer, and \(n\) by \(s\) or \(\sigma\), \(s\) the order of \(2\pmod r\) and \(\sigma\) the solution (if it exists) of \(2^\sigma\equiv -1\pmod r\). A main result of this kind is \[ P_{n+2s}(\omega) - A_s(\omega) P_{n+s} (\omega) + (-2)^sP_n(\omega) = 0, \quad n\geq 0,\;s\geq 2. \tag{5} \] The central coefficient, \(A_s(\omega)\), is often a rational integer, as for example when \(r=149\), in which case \[ A_{148}(\omega) = -27\,994\,839\,290\,299\,789\,953\,213. \] (A table of values of certain \(A_s(\omega)\) is given.) The latter sections of the paper contain a discussion of what subfield of \(\mathbb Q(\omega)\) the cyclotomic integer \(A_s(\omega)\) lies in, using the Galois group \(\mathrm{Gal}(\mathbb Q(\omega)/\mathbb Q)\). It is shown for instance, if \(r=p\) is a prime having 2 as a primitive root, then \(A_{p-1}(\omega)\in\mathbb Z\). The paper concludes with a proof that \(P_n(\omega)\) satisfies a certain recurrence with integer coefficients, which may however have more than three terms.

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