scientific article; zbMATH DE number 1247768
The authors prove some results related to closed relations on metrizable spaces (in the following all spaces will be assumed to be metrizable). A closed relation \(R\) on \(X\) is just a closed subset of \(X \times X\). A subset \(A\) of \(X\) is called \(R\)-homogeneous if every two distinct points of \(A\) are \(R\)-related and it is called \(R\)-independent if no two distinct points of \(A\) are \(R\)-related. In the first part of the paper the following refinement of a theorem of \textit{W. Hurewicz} [Fundam. Math. 23, 54-62 (1934; Zbl 0010.04001)] is proved: Let \(f: X \rightarrow Y\) be a continuous mapping, and let \(R\) be a closed relation on \(Y\). Then either \(X\) is the union of a \(\sigma\)-discrete collection of sets with \(R\)-homogeneous images, or \(X\) contains a perfect set \(P\) such that \(f\) embeds \(P\) homeomorphically into \(Y\), and \(\overline f(P)\) is \(R\)-independent. The proof of this result is a modification of the proof from the paper mentioned above. This theorem has a few interesting corollaries, e.g. the dichotomy theorem due to \textit{Q. Feng} [Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 339, No. 2, 659-684 (1993; Zbl 0795.03065)] that for a closed relation on an analytic space \(X\), either \(X\) is a countable union of homogeneous sets, or \(X\) contains an independent Cantor set. They also show that the proposition used in the proof of their main theorem can be applied to show another Hurewicz result: Metric spaces of first category contain closed copies of the rationals. The last part of the paper is devoted to the Baire space \(B(\aleph_1)\), countable product of discrete spaces of size \(\aleph_1\). The authors define (as in their joint paper with \textit{G. Gruenhage} [Topology Appl. 82, No. 1-3, 71-104 (1998; Zbl 0895.54005)]) a layering of \(B(\aleph_1)\) into \(B_\xi\) (\(\xi \in \omega_1\)). Now let \(M\) be a closed subset of \(B(\aleph_1)\), and let \(R\) be a closed relation on \(M\). Then they prove the following dichotomy: either \(M\) is the union of a \(\sigma\)-discrete collection of sets which are either \(R\)-homogeneous or separable, or for all but non-stationary \(\xi\) there exists an \(R\)-independent Cantor set in \(B_\xi \cap M\). The paper ends with an application of this result to closed relations on co-analytic sets, using Lusin's constituents, and some remarks and examples.
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