Extreme Points of the Convex set of Stochastic Maps on A C*-Algebra
Let \({\mathcal H}\) be a Hilbert space and let \(A\) be a \(C^*\)-algebra of bounded operators on \({\mathcal H}\) containing the identity operator on \({\mathcal H}\). A linear map \(T:A\to A\) is called stochastic if it is unital, completely positive and normal. The set of these maps is denoted by \(S(A)\). Such a stochastic map is called doubly stochastic if for any trace class operator \(x\) in \(A\) also \(T(x)\) is a trace class operator and \(\text{tr}(T(x))= \text{tr}(x)\). The set of doubly stochastic maps is denoted by \(S_0(A)\). In the paper, the extreme points of \(S(A)\) and of \(S_0(A)\) are characterized. First, this is done for a general \(C^*\)-algebra \(A\). The result is as follows. From the Stinespring representation theorem for completely positive maps, there is a Hilbert space \({\mathcal H}'\) (possibly trivial) and a representation \(\pi\) of \(A\) on the direct sum \({\mathcal H}\otimes{\mathcal H}'\) of the form \[ \pi(x)= \begin{pmatrix} T(x) & \delta^+(x)\\ \delta(x) & S(x)\end{pmatrix}, \] where \(\delta(x)\) is a bounded operator from \({\mathcal H}\) to \({\mathcal H}'\) and \(\delta^+(x)= \delta(x^*)^*\) and where \(S(x)\) is a bounded operator from \({\mathcal H}'\) to itself and such that the span of \(\{S(x)\xi\mid x\in A, \xi\in{\mathcal H}'\}\) is dense in \({\mathcal H}'\). Now \(T\) is extremal in \(S(A)\) if and only if any element in the commutant \(\pi(A)'\) of \(\pi(A)\) of the form \(\left(\begin{smallmatrix} 0 & a^*\\ a &b\end{smallmatrix}\right)\) satisfies \(a= 0\). Similarly, \(T\) is extremal in \(S_0(A)\) if and only if any element of the above form and moreover satisfying the property that \(\text{tr}(a^*\delta(x))= 0\) must have \(a= 0\). The special case where \(A\) is \({\mathcal B}({\mathcal H})\) is also studied. Now extreme points \(T\) in \(S({\mathcal B}({\mathcal H}))\) have the form \(T(x)= \sum z^*_i xz_i\) where \((z_i)\) is a sequence of elements in \({\mathcal B}({\mathcal H})\) satisfying certain properties. The sums here are to be understood in the strong operator topology. For extreme points in \(S({\mathcal B}({\mathcal H}))\) the sequence must satisfy the following condition. If \((c_{ij})\) is a bounded matrix such that \(\sum_{ij} c_{ij} z^*_iz_j= 0\), then \(c_{ij}= 0\) for all \(i\), \(j\). For extreme points in \(S_0({\mathcal B}({\mathcal H}))\), the elements \((z_i)\) have to be such that \(\sum z^*_i z_i= \sum z_iz^*_i= 1\) and also \(\sum c_{ij} z_jz^*_i\) is assumed to be \(0\). The results in this paper are quantum probabilistic generalizations of known results for stochastic matrices. They play an important role in the study of quantum Markov chains and processes.
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