The authors present theoretical and experimental investigation of steady helical vortex structures in a swirl flow. The offered theory includes the following results: an analytical solution describing elementary helical vortex structure -- an infinitely thin filament; a solution for axisymmetrical vortices accounting for the helical shape of vortex lines and different laws of vorticity distribution; a formula for calculation of the self-induced velocity of helical vortex rotation (precession) in a cylindrical tube; an explanation of the zone with reverse flow (recirculation zone) arising in swirl flows; classification of vortex structures. The experimental study of helical vortices is carried out in a vertical hydrodynamical vortex chamber with a tangential supply of liquid through turning nozzles. Numerous vortex structures are formed owing to changing boundary conditions on the bottom and at the exit section of the chamber. The hypothesis of helical symmetry is confirmed for various types of swirl flow. The authors find a series of structures (most of them for the first time) whose kinematics agree in general with the statements and conclusions of the theoretical model developed: a rectilinear vortex; a composite columnar vortex; helical vortices screwed on the right or on the left, a vortex with changing helical symmetry; a double helix -- two entangled vortex filaments of the same sign.
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