Koszul duality of E_n-operads

Abstract: The goal of this paper is to prove a Koszul duality result for E_n-operads in differential graded modules over a ring. The case of an E_1-operad, which is equivalent to the associative operad, is classical. For n>1, the homology of an E_n-operad is identified with the n-Gerstenhaber operad and forms another well known Koszul operad. Our main theorem asserts that an operadic cobar construction on the dual cooperad of an E_n-operad defines a cofibrant model of E_n. This cofibrant model gives a realization at the chain level of the minimal model of the n-Gerstenhaber operad arising from Koszul duality. Most models of E_n-operads in differential graded modules come in nested sequences of operads homotopically equivalent to the sequence of the chain operads of little cubes. In our main theorem, we also define a model of the operad embeddings E_n-1 --> E_n at the level of cobar constructions.

Review text

In the paper under review the author proves a Koszul duality result for \(E_n\)-operads in differential graded modules over a ring. In the case \(n=1\), an \(E_1\)-operad is equivalent to the associative operad, and the result is classical. For \(n > 1\), the homology of an \(E_n\)-operad \(E_n\) is identified with the operad of \(n\)-Gerstenhaber algebras: \(H_*(E_n)=G_n\). The operad \(G_n\) is Koszul, and its dual \(K(G)\) is the operadic \(n\)-fold desuspension of the cooperad \(G_n^{\vee}\) dual to \(G_n\) in \(\mathbb Z\)-modules: \(K(G_n)=\Lambda^{-n}G_n^{\vee}\), where \(\Lambda\) is the operadic suspension operation, and \((-)^{\vee}\) is the duality of \(\mathbb Z\)-modules. Thus there is a weak-equivalence \(\epsilon_n: B^c(\Lambda^{-n}G_n^{\vee}) \to G_n\) in the category of differential graded operads, where \(B^c(D)\) is the cobar construction on a cooperad \(D\). For the characteristic zero setting, this yields a Koszul duality result. But, for \(\mathbb Z\)-modules it is necessary to introduce new ideas. The author shows that the weak-equivalence \(\epsilon_n\) is realized by a morphism at the chain level \(\psi_n: B^c(\Lambda^{-n}E_n^{\vee}) \to E_n \). To state the realization condition properly, the author considers a natural spectral sequence \(E^1=B^c(H_*(\Lambda^{-n}E_n^{\vee})) \Rightarrow H_*(B^c(\Lambda^{-n}E_n^{\vee}))\) associated with the cobar construction. Then the author shows that the restriction of the homology morphism induced by \(\psi_n\) on the edge of the spectral sequence agrees with \(\epsilon_n\) for \(n>1\).

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