scientific article; zbMATH DE number 1042723
Standard monomial theory was first introduced by \textit{Hodge} to study the coordinate ring of the Grassmanian variety. Later similar theories were developed for generic matrices by Doubilet, Rota and Stein, and for Pfaffians of a skew-symmetric matrix by \textit{C. De Concini} and \textit{C. Procesi} [Adv. Math. 21, 330-354 (1976; Zbl 0347.20025)]. Finally the theory has been formalized by \textit{C. De Concini}, \textit{D. Eisenbud} and \textit{C. Procesi} [``Hodge algebras, Astérisque 91 (1982; Zbl 0509.13026)] with the introduction of the notion of algebras with straightening law (ASL for short). A unified treatment of ASL theory applied to determinantal ideals, is presented in the monograph of \textit{W. Bruns} and \textit{U. Vetter} [``Determinantal rings, Lect. Notes Math. 1327 (1988; Zbl 0673.13006)]. The other important technique to study these classes of rings is Gröbner bases theory. The thesis under review is divided in 5 chapters. Chapter 1 recalls basic definitions and known facts that are used in the following chapters. -- In chapter 2 we consider a skew-symmetric matrix of indeterminates \(X\) over a field \(K\), and the polynomial ring \(K[X]\) associated to \(X\). On the set \(P(X)\) of all Pfaffians there is defined a natural partial order. De Concini and Procesi (loc. cit.) proved that \(K[X]\) is an algebra with straightening law (ASL) over \(K\) on \(P(X)\). In this chapter we study rings of the form \(R_\alpha (X)= K[X]/I_\alpha (X)\), where \(I_\alpha (X)\) is the ideal cogenerated by a Pfaffian \(\alpha\). The ASL structure that \(R_\alpha (X)\) inherits from \(K[X]\) makes it possible to apply to this situation the general theory and techniques. Avramov proved that the rings defined by Pfaffians of fixed size are factorial. From our formula for the divisor class group (theorem 2.2.5) we deduce that these rings are essentially the only factorial ones among the rings under consideration. In theorem 2.3.2 we determine the canonical class of \(R_\alpha (X)\). This result allows us to determine all \(\alpha\) for which \(R_\alpha (X)\) is Gorenstein (theorem 2.3.5). In section 2.4 we restrict ourself to the case of Pfaffians of fixed size. We consider an integral domain \(B\) and we find the primary decomposition of a product of Pfaffian ideals in \(B [X]\), under the assumption that \((\min (2t_i, n- 2t_i))!\) is invertible in \(B\) for \(i=1, \dots, s\). We also give a \(B\)-basis of standard monomials of the symbolic powers of Pfaffian ideals. In chapter 3 we consider Pfaffian rings of ladder. We denote by \(I_{2t}(Y)\) the ideal generated by the \(2t\)-Pfaffians of \(Y\) and we set \(R_{2t} (Y)= K[Y]/I_{2t} (Y)\). We associate to every Pfaffian ladder \(Y\) a generic ladder \(\widetilde Y\) such that the ideal of the \(t\)-minors of \(\widetilde Y\) has the same initial ideal as \(I_{2t} (Y)\), with respect to a certain term order. This correspondence allows us to prove that \(R_{2t} (Y)\) is Cohen-Macaulay and to characterize those \(Y\) for which \(R_{2t} (Y)\) is Gorenstein. We determine the \(a\)-invariant of \(R_{2t} (Y)\) in terms of the position of the upper inside corners of the ladder. In chapter 4 we consider the Rees algebra of Pfaffian ideals. If \(2t< n-2\) we are able to prove that if the characteristic of \(K\) is zero or is bigger than \(\min (2t, n-2t)\), then the ideal of the presentation of the \(K\)-subalgebra of \(K[X]\) generated by the \(2t\)-Pfaffians contains no quadrics. This result is quite surprising, because in the case of minors of a generic matrix there are some relations of degree 2, the well-known Plücker relations. We define in section 4.2, an \(M\)-sequence. We prove that if \(I\) is an ideal whose initial ideal with respect to some term order \(\tau\) is generated by an \(M\)-sequence, then \(I\) is of linear type and \(\text{in}_\tau (I)^i= \text{in}_\tau (I^i)\) for every \(i\geq 0\). The main tools we use are Gröbner bases and Sagbi bases deformations. -- The theory of Sagbi bases leads naturally to the study of monomial algebras. The \(d\)-th Veronese subring of \(K[x_1, \dots, x_n]\) is the \(K\)-subalgebra of \(K [x_1, \dots, x_n]\) generated by the set \({\mathcal M}_d\) of monomials of degree \(d\). We denote it by \(V_{n,d}\). In chapter 5 we consider some subalgebras of \(V_{n,d}\). In section 5.2 we show that the algebras under consideration are Koszul. It turns out that for quite general classes of subalgebras \(A\subset V_{n,d}\) a Gröbner basis of the defining ideal of \(V_{n,d}\) restricts to a Gröbner basis of the defining ideal of \(A\). We show that this holds for the algebras we consider with respect to term orders specially chosen for every class. The Gröbner bases we find have the property that the initial monomial of every element is a square-free monomial. This allows us to conclude that the algebras under consideration are normal. In particular they are Cohen-Macaulay.
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